Foundations of Essential Oil Therapy

Anise

Pimpinella anisum L.

Watch: About Anise with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Anise, Aniseed
Scientific name: Pimpinella anisum L.
Botanical family: Apiaceae
Conservation status: Least concern

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Europe, native to Mediterranean region
Part of plant used: dry ripe fruits
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 1.5-6% v/w (volume to weight)
Color of oil: Light yellow to clear

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Twenty-three components make up 99.2% of the essential oil of Anise. Anise is rich in the phenylpropanoid, trans-anethole (87-84%). Other components include:

Monoterpenes: a-pinene (0.14%), camphene (0.02%), myrcene (0.02%), limonene (0.06%), y-terpinene (0.1%), p-cymene (0.11%)
Sesquiterpenes: a-ylangene (0.06%), a-himachalene (0.29%), trans-b-farnesene (0.05%), y-himachalene (3.13-3.52%), a-curcumene (0.26%), a-zingerbernene (0.19-1.9%%), b-himachalene (0.18%), b-bisabolene (0.21%)
Monoterpenols: linalool (1.79%)
Esters: eugenyl acetate (3.92%)
Ketones: camphor (0.13%)
Phenylpropanoids: trans-anethlole (87.4 – 93.9%) estragole (2.27%)^1,2,3

SAFETY INFORMATION

The internal use of anise essential oil is not recommended for infants or children (under age 14) or during pregnancy or while breast-feeding.
It is contraindicated for use when hormone-dependent cancer is present due the estrogen-like activity of its main component: trans-anethole.
Medication alert! The internal use of anise essential oil is contraindicated for individuals on anticoagulant drugs or who are about to undergo major surgery.
Recommended internal dosage for adults: 1-2 drops / 3 times a day⁴

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Analgesic⁵, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial⁶, antioxidant, antispasmodic, carminative, digestive, expectorant⁷, hepatoprotective⁸, mucolytic, muscle relaxant⁹, secretolytic

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Digestive, Respiratory

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Herbaceous, fennel-like, licorice-like
Blending factor: 4-5
Note: Mid
Blends well with: Fennel, rose essential oil or absolute, niaouli, thyme ct. thymol or ct. geraniol or ct. linalool, lemon, lavender, cardamom, ginger, geranium, clary sage, cypress, spearmint
Substitutions: Sweet fennel, ginger

CORE INDICATIONS

Digestive system: dyspepsia, flatulence, bloating, nausea, mild gastrointestinal spasms, flatulent colic, indigestion with weakness, poor appetite¹¹ (O+++, C+++, I+++)Here is an example of Anise being used in a Gut Flora Complex by MediHerb. A line of supplements formulated by Kerry Bone. See here for a full description of the product.

Reproductive system: lack of menstruation, aphrodisiac, menstrual cramping (C+++, I+++, O+)
Respiratory system: acute and chronic bronchitis, colds, emphysema, nasal congestion, excess catarrh in upper respiratory system, pertussis, dry, painful spasmodic cough with difficulty getting mucus to expel¹² (O+++, C+++, I++, D++)

RESEARCH NOTES

Clinical trials

In a three-armed double-blind clinical trial designed to study the effect of anise essential oil (Pimpinella anisum) on symptoms in patients with Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) characterized by pain and bloating, anise essential oil proved superior to placebo and the medication, colpermin. The trial included 120 participants and used three treatment arms: 1/ with enteric coated capsules containing 200mg of anise oil, 2/colpermin and 3/placebo. By the end of the trial 75% of patients in the anise oil group were free from symptoms associated with IBS compared to 52.5% in the colpermin group and 35% in the placebo group. The anise oil was particularly effective at reducing bloating, reflux, and abdominal pain. No adverse events were observed with the anise capsule while 26.31% (14 patients) experienced some adverse reactions to Colpermin and 2.56% (1 patient) in the placebo group.¹³
Human trials have shown relief of constipation consistent with the historical role of anise in resolving gastrointestinal complaints.¹⁴

Animal Studies

Anise (Pimpinella anisum) essential oil exhibits a statistically significant bronchodilatory effect.¹⁵

In Vitro Studies

Anise (Pimpinella anisum) essential oil exhibits strong antifungal activity against yeasts and dermatophytes.¹⁶
Anise (Pimpinella anisum) essential oil possesses anticonvulsant activity.¹⁷
Anise (Pimpinella anisum) essential oil exhibits mosquito repellent activity.¹⁸
Anise (Pimpinella anisum) essential oil exhibits antibacterial activity.¹⁹

Sprout: Aromatherapy for Children

Watch our Aromatherapy For Children webinar.

Here is the pdf for the webinar: Aromatherapy For Children

Foundations of Essential Oil Therapy: Module Eleven

Resources (Foundations EOT)

Recommended Suppliers

Essential Oil Companies

⇥ Original Swiss Aromatics: OSA’s  essential oils are products of the plant organism. The way we offer essential oils is inspired by accepting oils as precious products of biological processes, cherished for their own beauty and brilliance rather than as industrial raw materials for the food or fragrance industry, standardized and diluted to be made economically acceptable. We will offer essential oils which, to the best of our abilities to ascertain, are truly genuine and authentic. This means nothing has been added nor taken out. It also means that no other natural substances have been added, that an oil is truly and exclusively from the plant that it claims to be.

⇥ Nature’s Gift: At Nature’s Gift, we carefully select pure essential oils from the four corners of the world. Our goal is to provide the finest quality pure and natural essential oils available today. We do not shop by price, nor do we buy from “mass market” suppliers, but rather from small distillers who either grow their crop themselves, or personally know and observe the farmers whose oils they sell. Most of our oils are either organically grown, or ethically wildcrafted with concern for the worldwide environment and ecosystem.

Enjoy a 10% discount from Natures Gift
Use Code: jade
Good for all sizes including bulks.
Excludes kits (birthing, beginner’s, care package, various skin solutions….), books, and gift certificates.

⇥ Florihana:  At the foundation of our commitment to create the Florihana distillery were two main aims: respect for nature and development of highly therapeutic certified organic products for aromatherapists.

⇥ Lunaroma Aromatic Apothecary: Lunaroma offers pure organic essential oils of the highest quality. Our natural bath and body care products are handcrafted in small batches using only the finest quality aromatics, organic botanicals and base ingredients.

⇥ Essential Aura Aromatics:  Essential Aura strives to be a leader in the distillation and supply of Organic Essential Oils for therapeutic aromatherapy. We promote the environmental sustainability of essential oil production. Developing direct relationships with both growers and other essential oil distillers, Essential Aura is in a position to provide exceptional quality essential oils. We provide the highest quality organic and wildcrafted essential oils we have found and since 1998 we have built our reputation on this effort.

⇥ Floracopeia:  Floracopeia offers a large selection of well-known essential oils, as well as unusual, uncommon, and relatively unknown oils from unique botanical species.

⇥ Fragrant Earth:  Fragrant Earth International is a long established company and our list has developed over the years, always aiming to meet the needs of practitioners and therapists world-wide.

Dried Herbs (Bulk)

⇥ Pacific Botanicals: We have been growing high quality organic medicinal herbs in the Applegate Valley since 1979. We know the types of herbs that do well here and have selected the various varieties to fit our microclimate and to achieve maximum potency. You can count on us to know the herbs we grow and sell; from the seed that we use, to the starts in the green houses, to our pristine growing environment, to the organic nutrients we add to the soil, to the perfect time for harvest and conditions for shipment. In addition to our own farm we have built good working relationships with many other organic growers in the U.S. and around the world. We have been sourcing herbs from them for many years. We only do business with growers that meet our high standards of quality. We are certified organic in growing and processing by USDA and Oregon Tilth.

⇥ Mountain Rose Herbs:  Since 1987 Mountain Rose Herbs has been known for its uncompromising commitment to organic agriculture and steadfast focus on the pure aesthetics and freshness of botanical products.Throughout all of these magnificent and developmental years we have always put an emphasis on conducting business in an ethical, responsible, clear, and ecological way; hoping to pave a medium for other blossoming green companies.

⇥ Oregon’s Wild Harvest:  Committed to naturally healing the body and earth using the most holistic and sustainable growing and processing practices to safely retain the freshest, purest and most effective properties of whole herbs.

Hydrosols

Most aromatherapy companies or essential oil suppliers listed above also sell hydrosols. We will continue to add to this list of artisan distillers to support local plant cultivation, sustainable wild-crafting and small batch production.

⇥ Morning Myst Botanicals:  Offering over 50 Varieties of Certified Organic Hydrosols. All of our hydrosols are produced here on our farm, by us personally. You are buying DIRECT FROM THE DISTILLER.

⇥ Phibee Aromatics: PhiBee Aromatics is a family run business (named after our girls), born out of our love and passion for the native plant world.

Vegetable Oils/Herbal Oils/Aloe vera gel

⇥ Jedwards International : BULK Supplier of Certified Organic and Conventional Specialty Oils, Essential Oils, Butters, Waxes, and Botanicals

⇥ The Jojoba Company: Purchase your jojoba oil here.

⇥ Essential Wholesale: We offer the highest quality natural Soap Making Supplies, Aromatherapy and Cosmetic Making Ingredients. With over a thousand different items to choose from, including Cosmetic Bases, Essential Oils, Carrier Oils, Exotic Butters & Waxes, Cosmetic & Soap Making Ingredients, Fruit & Herbal Extracts, Organics and so much more.

⇥ Banyan Botanicals : A resource for Ayurveda and premium quality Ayurvedic products made from certified organic herbs sustainably sourced and fairly traded. Excellent Sesame oil and Ayurvedic herbs.

⇥ Vermont Soap Company:  Has some really awesome bulk certified organic (and no latex) shea butter.

⇥ New Directions : Supplies a range of organic bases/oils/butters.

⇥ Healthy Traditions:  Gold Label Virgin Coconut Oil is our highest quality coconut oil. This premium Virgin Coconut Oil is handcrafted by family producers in the Philippines using traditional methods passed down from previous generations. We were the first ones to export Virgin Coconut Oil from the Philippines to the United States back in 2001.

FOR VERY LARGE PURCHASES OF VEGETABLE OILS, HERBS, EXTRACTS, HYDROSOLS (PER ANNUM)

⇥ Praan Naturals:Natural Sourcing specializes in the procurement and supply of an extensive range of natural, conventional and organic ingredients for cosmeceutical, fragrance & perfumery, spa, massage and aromatherapy applications.

Cold Pressed Seed Oils

⇥ Botanic Innovations: Botanic Innovations produces a broad range of highly specialized oils from non-GMO fruit, vegetable, grain and herb seeds. These life-nourishing all-natural ingredients have broad applications in a variety of products across several industries. Our advisors have formulated proprietary seed oil that add powerful health benefits to dietary supplement products. Some of our products are also used in animal care products, as cosmetics, as functional food additives, and as all-natural industrial lubricants.

Beeswax

⇥ New Directions:  Supplies a range of organic bases/oils/butters.Organic Raw Honey and Beeswax

⇥ Jedwards: Offers bulk beeswax.

Pippettes

⇥ SKS Science: Bulk disposable pipettes.

⇥ Rachel Supply: Small quantites and bulk pipettes.

Bottle Companies

⇥ SKS Packaging:  SKS is a supplier, consultant and designer of plastic bottles, glass bottles, plastic jars, glass jars, metal containers and closures for your packaging needs. Our online selections of containers and closures is extensive and priced right so that you are getting the best selection of products at the best prices.

⇥ Specialty Bottle:  Specialty Bottle is a national supplier of glass, plastic and metal containers. We service over 30,000 customers throughout the United States and Canada. Many of our customers are in the gourmet food, natural products and candle industries.

⇥ Berlin Packaging:  Quality plastic and glass bottles, perfume bottles, jars, vials, brushed aluminum, bags and bottle accessories

Print/Business Cards/Labels

⇥ Online Labels.com: Largest selection of label shapes and designs. Also has label design software. Order polyester labels, they are waterproof!

⇥ Vista print: Business cards and other print material

Sprout: Legalities of Practice

Here is an insightful article about the legalities of practicing Herbalism. This article is very prevalent to the practice of aromatherapy as well particularly those who are not licensed in another field such as massage therapy, esthetics, nursing, etc.

Would love to hear your thoughts on this after you read it so be sure to post in the student forum! Thank you.

The right to practice herbology, legal history and basis

Here is a shorter version.

Read: The Aroma of Choice – Healthcare Freedom and Aromatherapy

Lesson 2: Business Information

Introduction
In this section of the course, I’ll share essential business insights and resources that can make the difference between a struggling practice and a thriving one. One of the most important elements of a successful aromatherapy business, whether selling essential oils or using them in practice, is effective cost accounting. This will help you understand not only what each product costs to produce or use but also how much you need to charge to make a sustainable profit.

While I don’t recommend taking on complex cost accounting yourself if you’re not skilled with spreadsheets and financial calculations, I want to highlight the critical importance of understanding your true costs. Every drop of essential oil, every minute of labor, and every piece of packaging must be accounted for. Consider finding a local bookkeeper or using modern accounting software to help you establish effective cost-tracking systems.

When I first started selling essential oils years ago, I realized I had forgotten to include shipping costs in my final pricing and quickly discovered that I was actually losing money or making very little profit. This can be devastating for any practice or business, so here are proven strategies for accurately costing your aromatherapy products and services.

Cost Accounting: Understanding Your True Costs

One of the most crucial aspects of developing a successful aromatherapy practice is pricing your services and products properly to ensure you cover all costs and generate a sustainable profit. Proper cost accounting goes beyond just the price you paid for essential oils—it includes every expense that goes into delivering your product or service to the customer.

Basic Cost Accounting: How Much Did It Really Cost You?

When calculating costs for essential oils or any other product you plan to use or carry, it’s essential to include all associated expenses, such as shipping costs, storage, potential spillage or waste, and your time. If you bought essential oils from a supplier who shipped them to you, you incurred shipping costs. If you bought them from a local shop by driving there, you spent money on gas, parking, and your valuable time.

Depending on how many oils you bought and their sizes, you need to proportionally allocate these additional costs. Let’s work through a practical example:

Product	Base Cost
1oz Roman Chamomile	$49.00
4oz Eucalyptus	$15.00
2ml Neroli	$32.00
10ml Ginger	$12.00
8oz Lavender	$75.00
Shipping Cost	$15.00
Total Order Cost	$198.00

Step-by-Step Cost Calculation

Step One: Allocate Additional Costs
Distribute the shipping cost proportionally across all items. In this example, we’ll allocate $3.00 shipping to each item for simplicity:

Product	Base Cost	Shipping Allocation	Total Cost
Roman Chamomile (1oz)	$49.00	$3.00	$52.00
Eucalyptus (4oz)	$15.00	$3.00	$18.00
Neroli (2ml)	$32.00	$3.00	$35.00
Ginger (10ml)	$12.00	$3.00	$15.00
Lavender (8oz)	$75.00	$3.00	$78.00

Step Two: Calculate Per-Unit Costs
Convert costs to per-milliliter and per-drop measurements. Remember: approximately 20 drops per milliliter and 30 milliliters per ounce.

Essential Oil	Total Cost	Volume	Cost/ml	Cost/drop
Roman Chamomile	$52.00	30ml	$1.73	$0.087
Eucalyptus	$18.00	120ml	$0.15	$0.0075
Neroli	$35.00	2ml	$17.50	$0.875
Ginger	$15.00	10ml	$1.50	$0.075
Lavender	$78.00	240ml	$0.325	$0.016

Note: Calculations assume 20 drops per milliliter, 30ml per ounce

Step Three: Determine Retail Pricing
Decide on your markup to ensure profitability. Standard markups in the aromatherapy industry range from 100% to 300%, depending on your market positioning and value proposition.

Markup Guidelines:
• 100% markup = 2x cost (standard retail)
• 150% markup = 2.5x cost (premium positioning)
• 200% markup = 3x cost (luxury/specialty market)

Example Pricing with Different Markups:

Oil	Cost/ml	100% Markup	150% Markup	200% Markup
Lavender	$0.325	$0.65	$0.81	$0.98
Roman Chamomile	$1.73	$3.46	$4.33	$5.19
Neroli	$17.50	$35.00	$43.75	$52.50

Step Four: Create Your Master Pricing Sheet
Develop a comprehensive reference sheet that details pricing for each essential oil, carrier oil, hydrosol, and other materials you use in your practice. Keep this accessible for quickly calculating total product costs and ensuring profitable pricing.

This sheet should include:
• Cost per milliliter (and grams) and per drop for all essential oils
• Cost per milliliter (and grams) for all carrier oils
• Hourly labor rates for different types of work
• Packaging costs per unit
• Overhead allocation per product

Complete Cost Accounting for Product Lines

Full cost accounting is a sophisticated process, and I recommend hiring a professional accountant or finding someone willing to trade services to help establish your system. A comprehensive cost accounting system includes every expense that goes into making your products:

Direct Material Costs:
• Essential oils (calculated per drop used)
• Carrier oils and bases
• Additional ingredients (preservatives, emulsifiers, etc.)
• Primary packaging (bottles, jars, tubes)
• Secondary packaging (boxes, labels, inserts)

Direct Labor Costs:
• Formulation time
• Production time
• Packaging time
• Quality control time

Indirect Costs (Overhead):
• Rent or home office allocation
• Utilities
• Equipment depreciation
• Insurance
• Marketing materials
• Administrative time

Product Costing Example: Custom Massage Oil Blend

Example: Relaxation Massage Oil (2oz bottle)

Component	Quantity	Unit Cost	Total Cost
Sweet Almond Oil	55ml	$0.05/ml	$2.75
Lavender EO	15 drops	$0.016/drop	$0.24
Geranium EO	10 drops	$0.045/drop	$0.45
Frankincense EO	5 drops	$0.12/drop	$0.60
2oz Amber Bottle	1	$0.85	$0.85
Label	1	$0.15	$0.15
Labor (15 min @ $30/hr)	0.25 hr	$30/hr	$7.50
Total Cost			$12.54
Selling Price (150% markup)			$31.35
Gross Profit			$18.81

This example shows how even small amounts of premium essential oils can significantly impact your cost structure and why accurate tracking is essential for maintaining profitability.

Equipment and Infrastructure Needs

Along with your essential oils, carrier oils, and other raw materials, consider the cost of adding professional equipment to your business, depending on your specific goals and chosen business model.

Essential Equipment Checklist

Basic Practice Setup:
• ☐ Digital scale (precise to 0.1g) – $50-150
• ☐ Glass measuring beakers – $20-50
• ☐ Diffuser(s) for treatment rooms – $30-200
• ☐ Measuring cups and spoons (stainless steel) – $25-75

Product Development Setup:
• ☐ Vitamix or similar high-speed blender for creams – $300-500
• ☐ Stainless steel double boiler – $50-150
• ☐ Immersion blender for small batches – $30-80
• ☐ Digital thermometer – $15-40

Enhanced Client Experience:
• ☐ Foot bath(s) – $100-500
• ☐ Towel warmer cabinet – $200-800
• ☐ Essential oil storage cabinet – $150-400
• ☐ Professional labeling system – $100-300

Professional Production (for product lines):
• ☐ Commercial-grade mixers – $500-2000
• ☐ Filling equipment for bottles – $200-1000
• ☐ Heat sealing equipment – $150-500
• ☐ Inventory management system – $50-200/month

Other equipment considerations: _________________________________

Business Operations and Legal Considerations

Insurance Coverage
Professional liability insurance is not optional—it’s essential protection for your aromatherapy business. There are several providers specializing in coverage for holistic health and aromatherapy practitioners. Research each option thoroughly to find coverage that fits your specific needs and business model.

Recommended Insurance Resources:
Professional Organizations with Insurance Programs:

• The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy (NAHA) – www.naha.org
– Offers professional liability insurance for members
– Provides continuing education and industry updates
– Excellent resource for maintaining professional standards

• Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals (ABMP) – www.abmp.com
– Comprehensive coverage for massage therapists integrating aromatherapy
– Includes product liability coverage
– Excellent educational resources and advocacy

Specialized Insurance Providers:
• Indie Business Network – www.indiebeauty.com
– Focuses on small beauty and wellness product companies
– Product liability and business coverage options
– Community support for indie beauty entrepreneurs
• Sport & Fitness Insurance – Covers wellness practitioners
• Beazley Insurance – Specializes in product liability for cosmetic and wellness products

What Your Insurance Should Cover:
• Professional liability for services provided
• Product liability for any products sold
• General business liability
• Property coverage for equipment and inventory
• Cyber liability if handling client data online

Modern Marketing Strategies

Website and Digital Presence
Having a beautiful, engaging, and informative website is absolutely crucial in today’s business environment. Your website serves as your 24/7 sales representative and often provides the first impression potential clients have of your business.

Website Platform Recommendations:

WordPress – Still one of the best options for business websites
• Highly customizable with thousands of themes and plugins
• Excellent for SEO (search engine optimization)
• You can maintain and update content yourself
• Cost-effective with hosting from $10-50/month

Shopify – Best for product sales
• Built-in e-commerce functionality
• Professional payment processing
• Inventory management integration
• Monthly costs: $29-299+ depending on features

Squarespace – Beautiful templates, easier for beginners
• Drag-and-drop design interface
• Built-in e-commerce capabilities
• Professional templates specifically for wellness businesses
• Monthly costs: $12-40

Essential Website Elements:
• Clear description of your services and expertise
• Professional photography of products and practice space
• Client testimonials and success stories
• Educational blog content demonstrating expertise
• Easy online booking system
• Contact information and location details
• Mobile-responsive design (essential for modern users)

Professional Tip: Find a web designer experienced with wellness businesses who can create your initial site, then learn to maintain it yourself. The most important factor is finding a designer who can provide you with a simple yet effective site that you can easily update.

Social Media Marketing and Community Building

The digital marketing landscape has undergone a dramatic transformation. A well-executed social media strategy can be the difference between a struggling practice and a thriving one. Social media enables you to establish genuine connections with potential clients, showcasing your expertise and passion for aromatherapy.

Platform-Specific Strategies:

Instagram – Perfect for aromatherapy businesses
• Share beautiful product photography
• Behind-the-scenes content of blending and formulation
• Educational carousel posts about essential oil safety
• Stories featuring client testimonials (with permission)
• Reels showing quick aromatherapy tips

Facebook – Excellent for local community building
• Create events for workshops and classes
• Share longer-form educational content
• Build local community groups around wellness
• Use Facebook ads to target local demographics
• Live videos for Q&A sessions

YouTube – Establish expertise through education
• Create “how-to” videos for safe essential oil use
• Product spotlights and ingredient education
• Virtual workshop content
• Client success stories (with permission)

Pinterest – Drive traffic to your website
• Create boards for different aromatherapy applications
• Pin high-quality images of your products
• Share infographics about essential oil safety
• Seasonal aromatherapy ideas and recipes

LinkedIn – B2B connections and professional networking
• Connect with other wellness practitioners for referrals
• Share industry insights and research
• Establish thought leadership in aromatherapy
• Network with spa and wellness center owners

Email Marketing: Building Long-Term Relationships

Email marketing remains one of the highest ROI marketing channels available. It allows you to nurture relationships with clients and prospects while providing ongoing education about aromatherapy.

Email Marketing Platforms:

Mailchimp – User-friendly with excellent free tier
• Easy drag-and-drop email builder
• Automation capabilities for welcome series
• Integration with e-commerce platforms
• Free for up to 2,000 contacts

ConvertKit – Designed specifically for creators and educators
• Powerful automation and segmentation
• Great for course creators and educators
• Excellent customer support
• Starts at $29/month

Klaviyo – Best for e-commerce integration
• Advanced segmentation based on purchase behavior
• SMS marketing capabilities
• Predictive analytics
• Higher cost but excellent ROI for product businesses

Constant Contact – Good for local businesses
• Event management features
• Social media integration
• Excellent customer support
• Strong reputation in local business community

Brevo (formerly Sendinblue) – European-based with strong privacy compliance
• SMS marketing included
• Advanced automation capabilities
• Competitive pricing
• GDPR compliant

Email Marketing Strategy:

• Welcome series for new subscribers, introducing your approach to aromatherapy
• Monthly newsletters with seasonal aromatherapy tips
• Educational content about essential oil safety and applications
• Exclusive offers for subscribers
• Client success stories and testimonials
• Workshop and event announcements

Business Development and Support Resources

Small Business Administration (SBA)
The Small Business Administration provides invaluable resources for aromatherapy entrepreneurs, including:

Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs) – www.sba.gov/sba-learning-center/search/training
• Free business counseling and mentorship
• Help with business plan development
• Financial planning and loan assistance
• Marketing strategy development
• Legal structure guidance

SCORE Mentorship – Free mentoring from experienced business professionals
• Industry-specific guidance
• Monthly workshops and webinars
• Online resources and templates

Professional Development Resources

Industry Organizations:
• NAHA (National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy) – Industry standards and continuing education
• AIA (Alliance of International Aromatherapists) – Global perspective and resources
• International Federation of Aromatherapists – European-based professional standards

Business Education:
• Local Community College Business Programs – Often offer entrepreneur-specific courses
• SCORE Workshops – Free business education workshops
• Online Platforms – Coursera, Udemy, and LinkedIn Learning offer business courses

Regulatory and Legal Resources

FDA Compliance:
• Understanding cosmetic vs. drug claims
• Proper labeling requirements
• Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
• Ingredient safety documentation

State and Local Requirements:
• Business licensing requirements
• Sales tax registration and collection
• Zoning compliance for home-based businesses
• Professional licensing requirements (varies by state)

Legal Support:
• NOLO – Self-help legal resources for small businesses
• LegalZoom – Online legal document preparation
• Local Small Business Legal Clinics – Often provide free or low-cost consultations

Continuing Your Aromatherapy Education

One of the most rewarding aspects of aromatherapy is that learning never stops. Once you’ve mastered the fundamentals, you can continue expanding your knowledge with advanced aromatherapy training or even pursue additional formal education in complementary fields like massage therapy, esthetics, herbal medicine, or nursing. The synergy between aromatherapy and other healing modalities creates countless opportunities for specialization and growth.

Advanced Aromatherapy Specializations
Clinical Aromatherapy – Working in healthcare settings with specific protocols
Aromatic Medicine – Advanced therapeutic applications and research
Perfumery and Natural Fragrance – Creating signature scents and commercial fragrances
Pediatric Aromatherapy – Specialized training for working with children
Geriatric Aromatherapy – Focused on elderly care and age-related concerns
Hospice and Palliative Care – Providing comfort and support in end-of-life care
Veterinary Aromatherapy – Safe applications for animal wellness

Business Skills Development
Digital Marketing Mastery – SEO, content marketing, social media advertising
Photography for Product Marketing – Creating compelling visual content
Financial Management – Advanced bookkeeping, tax planning, profit optimization
Customer Service Excellence – Building lasting client relationships
Regulatory Compliance – Staying current with industry regulations

Building Your Professional Network
Attend Industry Conferences – Network with other practitioners and stay current with research
Join Professional Organizations – Build credibility and access continuing education
Participate in Online Communities – Share knowledge and learn from peers
Seek Mentorship – Find experienced practitioners willing to guide your development
Consider Teaching – Sharing knowledge strengthens your own understanding

The Philosophy of Lifelong Learning

Aromatherapy is not merely a modality or technique—it’s a way of connecting with the healing power of nature and supporting others on their wellness journeys. Now that you have a solid foundation, I encourage you to play, experiment, and practice. Like all meaningful pursuits, there’s always more to discover, whether it’s a new research study revealing additional therapeutic properties of familiar oils or traditional wisdom from other cultures expanding your understanding of aromatic medicine.

The aromatherapy field continues to evolve with new research, changing regulations, and expanding acceptance in mainstream healthcare. Staying current with these developments through continuing education will not only enhance your practice but also ensure you’re providing the most current and effective support to your clients.

If you’re inspired to deepen your knowledge and expand your aromatherapy practice or business, consider pursuing advanced certification programs that build upon this foundation. The investment in your education will pay dividends throughout your career, both in the satisfaction of helping others and in the financial success of your business.

For advanced aromatherapy certification and continued learning opportunities, visit The School for Aromatic Studies at aromaticstudies.com

Action Steps for Implementation

Immediate Actions (This Week):
1. Set up a basic cost-tracking system using spreadsheet software or an accounting app
2. Calculate true costs for your 5 most commonly used essential oils
3. Research insurance options and request quotes
4. Choose and set up one social media platform for your business

Short-Term Goals (Next Month):
1. Complete cost analysis for all products/services you plan to offer
2. Establish a pricing structure with appropriate markups
3. Set up a basic website or improve an existing online presence
4. Join at least one professional aromatherapy organization

Long-Term Vision (Next 6 Months):
1. Implement a comprehensive marketing strategy across multiple channels
2. Establish systems for tracking business metrics and profitability
3. Plan continuing education and skill development
4. Evaluate and adjust the business model based on initial results

Building a successful aromatherapy business requires time, patience, and ongoing learning. Concentrate on delivering exceptional value to your clients while adhering to solid business practices, and success will naturally follow.

For further classes with the School for Aromatic Studies,

please visit: https://aromaticstudies.com

Lesson 1: The Business of Aromatherapy (FEOT)

Introduction

Aromatherapy is a dynamic field that allows you to choose the pathway that best suits your integration of it into your life and work. As you complete your Foundations of Aromatherapy program, we’ll cover the basics of developing a business in this exciting field.

The potential pathways you could take with aromatherapy include:

Integrate aromatherapy into a bodywork or massage therapy practice
Integrate aromatherapy into a skincare (esthetics) practice
Integrate aromatherapy into an herbal practice or product line
Integrate aromatherapy into an Ayurvedic practice
Design and create a line of aromatherapy products
Create an essential oil line
Become an aromatherapy community educator
Write articles/blogs about aromatherapy

For each of these possible pathways, the first step is to take an inventory of your motives for becoming an aromatherapist and reflect on the skills you bring to your practice or the start of your business venture.

Self-Assessment: Building Your Foundation

Spend a few moments to consider these essential questions:

What inspired you to study aromatherapy?
What are your goals for aromatherapy?
Are you integrating aromatherapy into an existing practice?
Are you considering returning to school to study massage therapy, esthetics, or nursing?
Along with your aromatherapy training, what skills do you possess that could support your vision of aromatherapy?
What is your vision? And have you considered the steps you will need to take to manifest your vision?
What skills will you need to seek out? For example: web designer, e-newsletter templates, accountant, business advice, etc.
What are your strengths and weaknesses? e.g., strength could be something like being ‘able to design great products that people love,’ and weakness could be something like being ‘unable to price products so that they are profitable.’

Understanding your motivations, goals, and current skill set will guide every business decision you make and help you communicate authentically with future clients and customers.

Exploring Possibilities

Now let’s have a look at the possible pathways for business.

Integrating Aromatherapy into an Existing Practice

As you begin your journey utilizing aromatherapy as a complement to your existing practice, be it massage therapy, Ayurveda, herbal, or other type of practice, you will need to decide upon a number of important issues such as:

How will you integrate aromatherapy into your practice or business?
Will you customize products or have a number of pre-blended or generalized products to work with?
How will you charge for aromatherapy?
Will you provide your client with aromatherapy products to use at home?
Will you sell aromatherapy products? Will this be the product you make yourself or a product you bring in from other companies?
How will you market your aromatherapy practice?
What type of insurance do you need?

Some practitioners choose to charge extra for using essential oils in a treatment, such as massage, while others incorporate them into their sessions to help differentiate their services. Still, others prefer a combination approach, offering a basic, pre-blended aromatic experience as part of their standard session and customized, true aromatherapy blends upon request and at an additional charge. How you set this up as a therapist is truly based on personal preference and sound business strategy. However you do it, just make sure you’re taking into account the cost of base materials and essential oils for each treatment and covering your expenses one way or another.

Additional Tips on Integrating and Marketing Aromatherapy in Your Practice:

Educate the clients and staff. Education is key to properly using and understanding essential oils. Explain what true aromatherapy is and be clear about the nature and benefits of the services you offer. Many clients don’t understand the difference between aromatherapy and simple scenting.
Create your own informational brochure or purchase preprinted materials that clients can take home that further explain aromatherapy and the healing properties of essential oils. Consider creating digital versions for email follow-up and social media sharing.
Decide how you want to incorporate aromatherapy into your practice, then get it on your regular menu of services. Let your clients know how excited you are about aromatherapy and the benefits of essential oils. Ensure they understand that you’re committed to using only high-quality oils and employing skilled techniques. You can include aromatherapy in many of the existing treatments or modalities you currently offer, or create new treatments specifically designed as either an aromatic experience or a true aromatherapy session.
Develop seasonal specials which center around a particular blend or ‘scent’, such as a spice scented body mask for fall or a citrus salt glow for summer. Create multiple treatments and even products that can be purchased and used at home, all in the same blend. Market the special enthusiastically; tell everyone you meet how wonderful it is. Print flyers or postcards, and create signs for your waiting area. Be sure to include an end date for the promotion, as this will serve as a call to action for some clients. Use a little of the product on everyone who comes in or have a sample available for them to try, even if they’re not there for the seasonal special on that particular visit. Once they try a little of your special blend, they’ll book a session and return for it!
Host an educational event such as a tea or short class where you can introduce prospective and existing clients to aromatherapy and specific essential oils, as well as the types of bodywork/esthetic/herbal services you offer. Answer questions and consider conducting brief demonstrations or offering free samples. Make it fun and keep it light, but pique their interest. Consider partnering with other wellness practitioners for larger events.
If you are a massage therapist or esthetician, make sure to use an aromatic spritzer on the face cradle cover or maybe as a finishing touch to mist your clients at the end of each session. Also, keep an aromatic spritzer, lotion, hand-wash, and other samples in the restrooms for clients to try. These small touches create memorable experiences that clients associate with your superior service.
Occasionally, if a client has had a particularly rough time and you think it helpful, you might make up a 1 oz. custom blend while they get on the massage or aesthetic table. Use it in the session and send the rest home with them. Let them know it’s on the house; you’re acknowledging them, showing you care about their feelings and current state or situation. This level of personalized care builds incredible client loyalty.
If you want to entice new customers by running a sale or promotion, offering a complimentary aromatic gift with their purchase is usually more effective than offering a discount off the regular session price. If done properly, this will be a great perceived value to your customers, and you will earn more money on each transaction, as it should cost less for you to make a product than to discount your professional services. Additionally, more clients will have the opportunity to experience your aromatic blends, which may lead to increased demand for aromatherapy treatments and additional product sales in the future.
Remember, you are your best advertising. Use the essential oils in your own day-to-day life. Find out what works well and share the good news with the world. Let people know how excited you are to have found such a wonderful, helpful gift of nature. Share your knowledge and love of aromatherapy with everyone you meet, and let them know where your office is located. Authentic enthusiasm is contagious and one of the most effective marketing tools available.

Design and Create a Line of Aromatherapy Products

The growing awareness of health and well-being, as well as the increasing concern over chemicals found in various products, has led the public to seek natural and organic products for bath and body, cleaning, skin care, beauty, botanical perfumery, and home healthcare. The market potential is great, particularly if you are able to find a niche market to fill based on your goals and vision as a business owner.

Modern consumers are increasingly educated about ingredients and willing to pay premium prices for products that align with their values of sustainability, wellness, and natural living. This trend creates excellent opportunities for aromatherapy entrepreneurs who can combine therapeutic knowledge with quality products.

Potential Products

Massage oils and body oils
Chakra-based oil blends and spiritual wellness products
Chakra-based salve/anointing salves
Therapeutic creams and anti-aging formulations
Moisturizing lotions and daily skincare
Essential oil synergies and ready-to-use blends
Exfoliating salt scrubs and body polishes
Therapeutic salves for specific conditions
Luxurious aromatic bath salts and soak products
Natural botanical perfumes and personal fragrances
Cooling and warming gels for muscle relief
Specialized hospice/palliative care blends
Yoga center products and meditation support blends
Seasonal wellness collections
Pet aromatherapy products (carefully formulated)
Professional practitioner supply lines

Creating and marketing your own line of products takes time and careful planning. You must consider everything, from your initial financial investment and regulatory compliance to label design and printing, cost accounting and pricing, market research, and a comprehensive marketing strategy.

Key Considerations for Product Development:

Market Research: Study your competition, identify gaps in the market, and understand your ideal customer’s needs, preferences, and buying patterns. What problems are people trying to solve that your products could address?

Regulatory Compliance: Understand FDA regulations for cosmetic products, proper labeling requirements, and any state or local business licensing needs. Consider consulting with a regulatory expert for complex formulations.

Quality and Sourcing: Develop relationships with reputable suppliers for high-quality essential oils, carriers, and packaging. Your reputation depends on consistent product quality.

Branding and Positioning: Create a cohesive brand identity that communicates your values and appeals to your target market. Consider whether you’re positioning as luxury, therapeutic, affordable, or specialty-focused.

Create an Essential Oil Line

Should you sell a line of essential oils or create your own line? This is a question only you can answer after doing thorough research on the available lines of essential oils and understanding the competitive landscape. There is significant competition in this area, so do your homework before deciding to create your own line of essential oils.

From personal experience in the industry, this is a very time- and money-intensive endeavor, encompassing the design of labels, sourcing bulk supplies, and the time-consuming process of filling each bottle, as well as quality testing and inventory management. However, it can be done successfully with proper planning and sufficient capital investment.

Business Model Options:

Wholesale/Retail Model: Purchase quality oils from established suppliers and repackage for retail sale. This requires less initial investment but lower profit margins.

Private Labeling: Work with established distillers to create your own branded line with their production capabilities.

Direct Sourcing: Develop relationships with small distillers and farms for unique offerings that competitors don’t have access to.

Education-Based Selling: Focus on teaching proper use and safety while selling supporting products. This builds customer loyalty and justifies premium pricing.

Research both the competition and your options for purchasing bulk or directly from producers or distillers. You may decide to purchase wholesale and sell retail while building your customer base and expertise. Explore all your options before committing to expensive inventory!

Become an Aromatherapy Educator

Interested in teaching aromatherapy? This is something I recommend everyone consider, as we continue to have a public that misunderstands what aromatherapy truly is. Individuals are seeking aromatherapy education, from the basics of “What is Aromatherapy?” to “How to make your own personal care products.” I encourage each of you to explore the options available to teach introductory workshops in your local community.

Educational Opportunities:

In-Person Teaching:

• Community center workshops and continuing education programs
• Wellness center classes and spa educational events
• Corporate wellness programs for employee health
• Healthcare facility training for staff
• Conference presentations and professional development
• Library programs and community outreach

Online Education:

• Course creation on platforms like Teachable, Thinkific, or Udemy
• YouTube channel development with educational content
• Podcast hosting or regular guest appearances
• Live webinar series and virtual workshops
• Social media educational content, and community building

Teaching aromatherapy not only provides additional income but also establishes you as an authority in the field, which can significantly boost your other business activities.

Write Articles/Blogs About Aromatherapy

There is always demand for quality articles about aromatherapy, whether you post them on your own website or seek opportunities with magazines and online publications that may be interested in your content. Writing takes time, passion, and commitment, but sharing your love of aromatherapy with a wider audience is rewarding both personally and professionally.

Modern content creation extends far beyond traditional articles. Consider developing:

Blog posts for your website that improve search engine rankings
Guest articles for wellness publications and industry magazines
Social media content that educates and engages followers
Email newsletters that nurture client relationships
Video scripts for YouTube or social media platforms
Podcast episode outlines or guest appearance talking points

Blogs and content marketing can be invaluable aspects of your website and overall business strategy, helping establish expertise while attracting new clients and customers.

Supplies and Equipment

Throughout this course, you have learned about 24 essential oils, various vegetable and specialty oils, hydrosols, and other carriers such as creams, lotions, and gels. Deciding which ones to have in your practice and/or business depends upon the goals you have as a practitioner and/or business, what type of massage or bodywork you practice, what types of products you would like to market, and what services you would like to offer your clientele. Here is a review of the materials covered in the Foundations program.

Rather than purchasing everything at once, consider starting strategically with versatile, commonly used materials and expanding based on your specific practice needs and client demands.

Essential Oils
Throughout this foundations program, we have covered 24 essential oils. You may decide to work with specific essential oils or gradually build your repertoire to include all of them.

Choice of Essential Oils
Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)	Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)	Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens)
Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus globulus or Eucalyptus radiata)	Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)	Frankincense species (Boswellia carterii)
Geranium, Rose (Pelargonium roseum)	Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)	Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)	Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)	Juniper berry (Juniperus communis)
Laurel, Bay (Laurus nobilis)	Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)	Lemon (Citrus limon)
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)	Mandarin/Tangerine (Citrus reticulata)	Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis)
Patchouli (Pogostemom cablin)	Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)	Pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Rosemary chemotypes (Salvia rosmarinus syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)	Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)	Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides)
Ylang ylang Complete (Cananga odorata)	Ylang ylang Extra (Cananga odorata)

Choice of Vegetable Oils
Sweet almond oil (Prunis amygdalis var. dulcis)	Apricot kernel oil (Prunus armeniaca)	Borage seed oil (Borago officinalis)
Coconut oil (Cocos nucifera)	Evening Primrose oil (Oenothera biennis)	Jojoba oil (Simmondsia chinensis)
Olive oil (Olea europaea)	Rose Hip seed oil (Rosa rubiginosa)	Sesame oil (Sesamum indicum)
Sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus)

Choice of Hydrosols
German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)	Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)	Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)	Orange Flower (Neroli) (Citrus aurantium var. amara)	Rose (Rosa damascena)
Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)	Others

Other Raw Material
Calendula Herbal Oil (Calendula officinalis)	Coconut oil	Cocoa butter
Beeswax	Honey	Castile soap

Bottles and Jars

There is a wealth of different sizes and types of bottles available to you.

Consider starting with:
• 1oz and 2oz amber glass bottles for massage oils
• 0.5oz bottles for sample products
• 4oz bottles for larger retail products
• Small glass jars for salves and creams
• Pump tops for lotions
• Spray tops for room spritzers and hydrosol products

Professional Tip: Order samples of containers before placing large orders to ensure they meet your quality standards and work well with your formulations.

NOTE: References for Lessons in Foundations EO Therapy

Please note:

All references for each lesson throughout this course are available on the individual Lesson PDF file. We have not included them in the online lesson so as to save space.

Lesson 3: Monoterpenols and Sesquiterpenols

About Monoterpene Alcohols Powerpoint Presentation

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About Monoterpene Alcohols

Monoterpene alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to one of the carbon atoms of the monoterpene chain.

An example of the -OH group (hydroxyl group) is the common molecule linalool:

Monoterpene alcohol components have names that end in –ol.

Physical characteristics of monoterpenols:

Polarity: very polar molecules
Solubility: slightly soluble in water
Volatility: less volatile then monoterpenes, oxidize slower than monoterpenes
Boiling point: higher boiling points than monoterpenes
Aroma: pleasant aromas, sweet
Color: colorless

Examples of common monoterpenols found in essential oils

borneol, lavandulol
nerol, citronellol
linalool, terpinen-4-ol
geraniol, menthol
α-terpineol

General therapeutic actions of monoterpene alcohols:

Antimicrobial (broad-spectrum: antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral)
Anti-infectious
Anti-inflammatory
Mild and well tolerated by the skin
Antispasmodic
Nervine
Immune modulators, preventative to disease**
**By soothing the nervous system, reducing stress, and nurturing the individual.

Core therapeutic indications for monoterpene alcohol-rich essential oils:

Viral, bacterial, fungal infections
Nervous system: anxiety, stress related conditions, etc.
Wide range of activity depending on individual essential oil

Safety for monoterpene alcohol-rich essential oils

This family is very used in aromatherapy and very important because of the general lack of toxicity in therapeutic doses.
Menthol should not be applied to large areas of skin.
Toxicity: none at physiological doses- good cutaneous and oral tolerance.
When exposed to the air, primary monoterpenols slowly oxidize to aldehydes and acids, or form resins, which means that essential oils containing them should also be stored away from air, light, and heat.¹

Monoterpene alcohol-rich essential oils

Bergamot (Citrus bergamia): cold pressed or distilled
Citronella, Ceylon (Cymbopogon nardus)
Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
Coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum)
Geranium (Pelargonium asperum)
Lavender (Lavandula officinalis)
Lavendin (Lavandula x intermedia)
Melissa (Melissa officinalis)
Neroli (Citrus aurantium var. amara flos.)
Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini)
Petitgrain (Citrus aurantium var amara – leaf)
Rose (Rosa damascena) essential oil
Thyme ct. geraniol (Thymus vulgaris)
Ylang ylang #1 (Cananga odorata forma genuina)

About Sesquiterpene Alcohols Powerpoint Presentation

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About Sesquiterpene Alcohols

Sesquiterpene alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to one of the carbon atoms of the sesquiterpene chain. Sesquiterpenols typically contain at least one closed ring structure.

Oils such as Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) and Santalum album (sandalwood) produce characteristic sesquiterpenols: patchoulol and the santalols.¹ Sesquiterpene alcohols tonify the muscles and nerves, reduce congestion in the veins as well as in the lymphatic system and have moderate antimicrobial activity.²

Alcohol compounds have names that end in –ol.

Examples of common sesquiterpene alcohols found in essential oils

α-bisabolol, daucol, α-santalol
carotol, farnesol, β-santalol
cedrol, patchoulol, zingiberol

General therapeutic actions of sesquiterpene alcohols:

Anti-inflammatory
Antimicrobial
Antimycotic
Calming and soothing (nervous system, endocrine system and emotions)
Most have strong affinity with the skin
Venous and lymphatic decongestants
tonic and general stimulants
Sclareol: estrogen-like activity (French model)

Core therapeutic indications for sesquiterpenol-rich essential oils:

acute or chronic inflammation
minor bacterial, viral or fungal infections
inflamed skin conditions
wound healing / vulnerary
Nervous system, psyche/emotion: anxiety, stress, feelings of being overwhelmed, etc.

Sesquiterpenol-rich essential oils

German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
Carrot seed (Daucus carota)
Cedarwood (Juniperus virginiana)
Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin syn. P. patchouli)
Sandalwood (Santalum album)
________________________________________________________________

Safety notes for sesquiterpenol-rich essential oils

Sesquiterpenols (Sesquiterpene alcohols) are generally non-toxic and safe to use via all routes.

Lesson 7: Sesquiterpene lactones and Furanocoumarins

About Sesquiterpene Lactones Powerpoint Presentation

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About Sesquiterpene Lactones

Sesquiterpene lactones are a subcategory of sesquiterpenes that have a characteristic lactone ring, a structure derived ultimately from farnesyl pyrophosphate.¹

The lactone ring structure can look as follows:

Sesquiterpenes lactones are uncommon in essential oils but are found as the bitter principle in many of the plants belonging to the Asteraceae family, including Achillea millefolium, Arnica montana and Tanacetum annum.

Sesquiterpene lactones are only slightly soluble in water, slow to volatilize, and do not readily oxidize.

Lactone compounds have names which end in –lactone or –ine.

Physical characteristics of sesquiterpene lactones:

Polarity: relatively non-polar molecules
Solubility: generally lipophilic (fat-soluble)
Volatility: low volatility, less volatile than monoterpenes
Boiling point: higher boiling point than monoterpenes
Aroma: aroma is linked to taste (bitterness)
Color: typically, colorless

Sesquiterpene lactones found in essential oils

Component	Essential Oil
alantolactone	Inula helenium, Inula graveolens
isolantolactone	Inula helenium, Inula graveolens
matricin	German chamomile (Matricaria recutita), Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

*Matricin is a nonvolatile sesquiterpene lactone and is a precursor to chamazulene. Matricin is found in the CO2 extract of German chamomile. Matricin is converted to chamazulene during distillation.

Monoterpene lactone:

nepetalactone: Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

General therapeutic actions of sesquiterpene-lactones:

Powerful mucolytic and expectorant activity
Antifungal
Antibacterial
Antiparasitic
Antispasmodic
Anti-infectious
Anti-inflammatory
Anticarcinogenic

Essential oils containing monoterpene lactones:

Catnip (Nepeta cataria): 4a-α,7-α,7a-β-Nepetalactone (55-70.4%), 4a-α,7-β,7a-α-Nepetalactone (2.5-31.2%), 4a-α,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (6%) In separate report: The major components of N. cataria oil were 4a-α,7-α,7a-β-nepetalactone (28.8%), 1,8–cineole (13.5%), 4a-α, 7-β, 7a-α-nepetalactone (11.9%), (E)-caryophyllene (5.7%) and citronellyl acetate (5.2%).

General therapeutic actions of nepetalactone:

Insect repellant
Calming, sedative

Essential oils containing sesquiterpene lactones:

Inula (Inula graveolens): rich in esters, alcohols and small amounts of alantolactone and isolantolactone.

Core therapeutic indications for inula:

pathologies of the mucous membranes
bronchial spasms, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
chronic obstructive bronchitis
spasmodic coughing
emphysema

About Furanocoumarins Powerpoint Presentation

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About Furanocoumarins

Furanocoumarins are derivatives of coumarin. Furanocoumarins have a five-membered ring attached to a coumarin structure.

The five-membered ring structure looks like this:

And the coumarin structure looks like this:

There are two types of furanocoumarins:

linear: the furan ring is attached at C(6) and C(7). Linear furanocoumarins include psolaren, xanthotoxin, bergapten and isopimpinellin.
angular: the furan ring is attached at C(7) and C(8). Angular furanocoumarins include angelicin, sphondin, and pimpinellin.¹

It tends to be the linear furanocoumarins, such as bergapten, that can be troublesome to humans since they can cause photosensitization towards UV light, resulting in sunburn or serious blistering, although angelicin is also a photosensitizer. Used medicinally, this effect may be valuable in promoting skin pigmentation and treating psoriasis.

Bergapten is the most common furanocoumarin (in e/o’s) and is responsible for the photosensitizing action of bergamot and other citrus essential oils.

Physical characteristics of furanocoumarins

Polarity: mixed to moderate polarity
Solubility: lipophilic (fat-soluble), poor solubility in water
Volatility: relatively non-volatile* and more prone to degradation at high temperatures
*Due to their low volatility, furanocoumarins are more often found in the expressed essential oils rather than the distilled essential oil.
Boiling point: due to their nonvolatility, furanocoumarins do not come across during the distillation process. Furancoumarins are found in the cold pressed citrus essential oils.
Aroma: no distinct aroma
Color: colorless to pale yellow

Note: Understanding Bergaptene in Bergamot Essential Oil

Bergaptene is a naturally occurring compound in bergamot fruit peels that belongs to a class of substances called furanocoumarins. This compound is non-volatile, meaning it has a heavy molecular weight that prevents it from evaporating easily.

When bergamot essential oil is produced through the traditional cold-pressing method, bergaptene remains in the final product at concentrations typically ranging from 0.11% to 0.32%. Cold-pressing is the preferred extraction method for bergamot because it preserves the oil’s superior fragrance quality and beneficial aromatic compounds.

In contrast, when bergamot is processed through steam distillation, the resulting oil naturally contains no bergaptene. This occurs because the compound is too heavy to carry over with the steam during the distillation process.

However, steam distillation is rarely used as the primary method for producing bergamot essential oil because it yields a product with reduced olfactory quality and fragrance complexity compared to cold-pressed oil.

For commercial applications where bergaptene-free oil is desired, producers use specialized refining processes on cold-pressed bergamot oil. One method involves treating the oil with an alkaline solution that chemically modifies the bergaptene structure, followed by separation and purification steps. Another approach uses vacuum fractional distillation, which operates at lower temperatures and reduced pressure to selectively remove bergaptene and other furanocoumarins while preserving the oil’s valuable aromatic components. These refined products are labeled as either “bergapten-free” (containing less than 30 parts per million of bergaptene) or “furocoumarin-free” (FCF), with the latter removing all furanocoumarin compounds, not just bergaptene. These specialized oils maintain much of the characteristic bergamot fragrance while eliminating the photosensitizing properties associated with bergaptene.

Furanocoumarins found in essential oils:

angelicin: Angelica root
bergapten: Bergamot (expressed), Expressed lime, Expressed lemon, Grapefruit, Mandarin

General therapeutic actions of furanocoumarins:

Photosensitizers
Antimicrobial

Essential oils containing Furanocoumarins

Angelica root (Angelica archangelica): small amount of angelicin (less than 1%)
Bergamot (Citrus bergamia): small amount of bergapten (up to 0.33%)
Expressed lime (Citrus aurantiifolia): bergapten (0.17-0.33%)
Expressed lemon (Citrus limon): bergapten (.0001-0.035%)
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi): bergapten (0.012-0.019%),
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata): bergapten (0-0.0005%)³

Safety notes for essential oils containing furanocoumarins

Essential oils containing furanocoumarins exhibit phototoxic effects. Phototoxic or photosensitizing compounds are substances which can causes rapid tanning or burns under the influence of ultraviolet light. Furanocoumarins are able to absorb ultraviolet light thereby producing a burning or tanning effect on the skin.
Recommended dosage of angelica root essential oil is: 0.8% to avoid phototoxicity and 0.4% for bergamot essential oil.⁴
It would also be prudent when using essential oils containing phototoxic furanocoumarins that the client be asked to avoid direct sun or sun-beds for a minimum of 12 to 24 hours.
The use of furanocoumarin-free bergamot is recommended for internal use.

Table 1.3 Photosensitizers
Essential oil	Latin name
Angelica root	Angelica archangelica
Bergamot	Citrus bergamia
Cumin	Cuminum cyminum
Distilled or Expressed Grapefruit (low risk)	Citrus paradisi
Expressed Lemon	Citrus limon
Expressed Lime	Citrus x aurantifolia or Citrus x latifolia
Expressed Bitter Orange	Citrus aurantium
Rue	Ruta graveolens

How to use Photosensitizing Essential Oils Safely

Essential Oil	Maximum dilution	Drops
Bergamot, cold pressed (Citrus bergamia)	0.4%	2 drops per fl oz
Bitter Orange, cold pressed (Citrus aurantium)	1.25%	7 drops per fl oz
Grapefruit, cold pressed (Citrus paradisi)	4%	24 drops per fl oz
Lemon, cold pressed (Citrus limon)	2%	12 drops per fl oz
Lime, cold pressed (Citrus aurantifolia)	0.7%	4 drops per fl oz
Angelica root (Angelica archangelica)	0.8%	4 drops per fl oz

Notes on other citrus essential oils:

Distilled lemon is safe but rare
Distilled lime is safe
Sweet orange is safe!