Foundations of Essential Oil Therapy

*This recipe has been adapted from Gummy Snacks by Stacy Toth & Matthew McCarry in Real Life paleo.

• 1 cup chopped and pureed fruit. (Puree fruit with water in blender or food processor)
• 1/4 cup lavender hydrosol
• 1/4 cup water *Can divide between water and honey or maple syrup if more sweet is desired.
• 6 drops Fennel essential oil* (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce) *Optional
• 1 tablespoon lemon juice (preferably freshly squeezed!)
• 4 – 1 ounce packets of gelatin powder *Can use regular or beef gelatin

Steps to make:

1. Using a blender or food processor, combine fruit, hydrosol, and water together.
2. Pour mixture into medium sized stainless-steel sauce pan and place on medium heat. Add in tablespoon of lemon juice. Then slowly add in gelatin. I recommend using a medium sized whisk to stir constantly while adding in gelatin powder. Stir until gelatin has completely dissolved then remove from heat. Add in essential oil or synergy.
3. Pour mixture into molds (see here) or into a 9 x 9 inch baking dish. If using mold, place mold on tray so that it is easy to move to fridge after pouring mixture.
4. Allow to chill for 30 minutes to 1 hour. Can leave in fridge over night.
5. Gummies are ready to enjoy. Store in glass container in fridge or cool area of kitchen.

Be creative with the recipe by adding in different hydrosols with different fruits. I made some gummies this summer with nettle hydrosol and a bit of honey (approx. 1/8 cup) to sweeten them up a bit. Yummy! Other hydrosols to consider: Rose (Rosa damascena), Peppermint (Mentha x piperita), or Spearmint (Menta spicata). Can also add herbal teas. Have fun!

Recommend using only 5-6 drops total! We used 6 drops of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce) and that was more then sufficient! Other essential oils to consider: spearmint (Mentha spicata), peppermint (Mentha x piperita) 3-4 drops, ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale) 4-5 drops, Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), Coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum), or lavender (Lavandula angustifolia).

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Aromatic Herbal Pastilles

 

Watch Video: How to make Aromatic Herbal Pastilles

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Recipe in Video

Aromatic Pastilles for Sluggish Digestion and to Soothe Stress

• 10 grams powdered Rose petals
• 15 grams powdered Fennel seeds
• 15 grams Coconut flour
• 25 drops (0.89g) Anise (Pimpinella anisum) eo
• 20 drops (0.59g) Coriander seed CO2 extract (Coriandrum sativum)
• 15 drops (0.71g) Lemon (Citrus limon) eo

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Aromatic herbal pastilles are a great way to deliver essential oils for internal application. From a practitioner’s perspective, aromatic herbal pastilles are easy to make, and require few ingredients. They can be made in advance for common conditions seen in practice, for use during a particular time of year, or when working at a first aid station. Pre-made aromatic herbal pastilles can last up to 6 months when stored properly.

Each pastille is designed to contain 1-3 drops of essential oil or essential oil synergy. We recommend 1 drop for children ages 7 – 14, then 2 drops thereafter. Three to four drops are used during acute illness (e.g. acute bronchitis).

Aromatic herbal pastilles are easy to use, and the coconut flour gives them a slightly sweet taste, which can increase patient compliance. Aromatic herbal pastilles help ensure that the client is taking the correct dose and prevents concerns that may arise if the client is responsible for adding drops to a neutral tablet or to a spoonful of honey.

Medicine balls may be used to treat:

✓ Respiratory infections
✓ Sore, inflamed throat
✓ Urinary tract infections
✓ Colds and flu
✓ Digestive imbalances (e.g. constipation, diarrhea)
✓ Anxiety, stress, insomnia

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How to make Aromatic herbal pastilles

This recipe makes 30 – 35 Aromatic herbal pastilles.

Supplies:
☐ 2-4 glass bowls
☐ 1 glass measuring cup
☐ Stainless-steel spoon
☐ Baking tray and parchment paper, or glass baking dish
☐ Glass jar, or parchment paper and plastic storage bags

Ingredients:
☐ 20 – 24 grams powdered herb (this amount can be adjusted; the total amount of powdered material – coconut flour plus powdered herb – should total 40 grams)
☐ 16 – 20 grams coconut flour
☐ 50 – 60 milliliters honey
☐ 30 – 60 drops essential oil synergy (or single essential oil)

Step 1: Clean space in preparation of medicine making: wash all bowls, measuring cup, stirring utensil, and storage jar; wipe counter tops; prepare baking tray with parchment paper.

Step 2: For dried herbs, weigh out individual herbs and powder in a coffee grinder. (It is better to purchase the whole dried herb and powder it yourself. Whole herbs store longer than powdered herbs.)

Step 3: Weigh coconut flour in glass bowl. Then stir the coconut flour and powdered herbs together until thoroughly combined.

Step 4: Mix the essential oil synergy in a small glass. Set aside.

Step 5: Pour the honey into the empty bowl. If the honey is difficult to work with, gently warm it by placing the honey jar or measuring cup in a bowl of warm water for a few minutes.

Step 6: Add the essential oil synergy to the honey. Stir well with a glass or metal stirring rod or spoon.

Step 7: Slowly mix the powdered ingredients into the honey until the herbs are well coated. Add more honey if needed.

Step 8: Roll the mixture into small balls, about the size of a marble. Place the rolled balls on a baking tray lined with parchment paper or on a glass tray.

Step 9: Allow the pastilles to air dry for 1 to 2 hours.

Step 10: Place the dried pastilles in sterilized glass jar or plastic PET container, or wrap individual pastilles in parchment paper and store in plastic baggies.

Step 11: Write down the complete formulation in a formulation journal, including quantities, date, expiration date and batch number.

Step 12: Label the container with the name of the formula, ingredients, date made, expiration date and recommended use.

Make sure the name does not imply a treatment for a specific condition; do not use words like “bronchitis,” “urinary tract infections,” or other medical terms. You can say the formula supports a particular body system, e.g. “Supports digestive health.”

List the ingredients in order of percentage, with the highest percentage first. Include batch numbers that match up to your internal formulation records. It should look like this:

(Powdered herbs by Latin and common name,) coconut flour, essential oils of: (specify each essential oil by Latin name, then common name in parenthesis, e.g. Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender)). Denote chemotype or part of plant used if needed, e.g. Angelica archangelica root or Rosmarinus officinalis ct verbenone (Rosemary). Batch # 915AS (September 2018 Respiratory Soother)

Date made: September 5, 2018 Use by: March 5, 2019
Recommended use: 1 pastille / twice a day

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Note: Calculating drops per batch

Each pastille should contain 1-2 drops of either a single essential oil or a synergy of essential oils. The average amount of balls this recipe makes is 30. To get 1 drop of essential oil per ball, a total of 30 drops of essential oil or essential oil synergy (combination of essential oils) would be added to the recipe. For acute conditions, use 2-3 drops of essential oil per ball.

**The maximum dose per medicine ball is 4 drops of essential oil, taken up to 3 times a day, for acute infections.

Calculating essential oils from percentages
Recipes in professional journals and throughout this course often use percentages rather than drops for essential oil content. To figure out how many drops to use, multiply the total number of drops needed by the percentage given for each essential oil. If the recipe calls for 30 drops of essential oil and sweet marjoram makes up 40% of the essential oil blend, multiply 30 x .40 to get 12 drops of sweet marjoram essential oil.

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Questions and answers

1. Can pastilles be used with other forms of herbal or aromatic treatments?
Yes. Aromatic herbal pastilles can be used alongside other herbal preparations such as teas and tinctures, as well as other external aromatic applications like salves or inhalers, as indicated for the specific condition or to support emotional or physical well-being during treatment.

2. Should pastilles be given before or after eating?
Most aromatic herbal pastilles should be taken one hour prior to eating. Pastilles designed to promote digestion or to relieve gas and bloating should be taken immediately after eating, or within one hour after a meal.

3. How many pastilles should I give a client?
For most clients, the recommended dose is one pastille three times a day.

For an acute infection:
For the first seven days, use a higher dose of 3-4 drops of essential oil synergy per pastille. Take one pastille three times a day for seven days. That’s 21 pastilles total for one week. In the second week, decrease the dosage to one drop of essential oil per pastille. Take one pastille three times a day for 14 days. That’s 42 pastilles total for two weeks.

4. Can I manufacture aromatic herbal pastilles in bulk?
No. Aromatic herbal pastilles should not be manufactured. They are designed to be made in small batches and used within a 6-month period.

There are a host of laws regulating the manufacture of products for internal use, including the Dietary Supplement Act (DSHEA) and current Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs). This course is aimed at the individual practitioner or home user rather than product manufacturers and distributors.

5. How do I formulate for a specific client’s needs? How do I create general formulations?
Build your formulations based upon the material covered in the Synthesis and Formulation module of this course.

6. What herbs can I add to the aromatic herbal pastilles? How do I choose?
Choose specific herbs based upon desired actions. For a cooling antimicrobial blend, consider marshmallow and sage; for a warming antimicrobial blend, use thyme and ginger.

Herbs to consider for Aromatic Herbal Pastilles

System/Condition	Herbs
Symptoms that accompany Colds or Flu (e.g. sore throat, dry or moist cough, congestion, etc.)	hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), sweet violet leaves (Viola odorata), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), marshmallow leaf (Althaea officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), rose petals or rosehips (Rosa spp.), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), peppermint (Mentha x piperita), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), spearmint (Mentha spicata), ginger (Zingiber officinale), aniseed (Pimpinella anisum), mullein (Verbascum thapsus), peach leaves (Prunus persica), raspberry leaves and fruit (Rubus idaeus), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), slippery elm bark (Ulmus fulva)*From sustainable sources only!
Digestive issues e.g. excess gas, constipation	fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), ginger (Zingiber officinale), peppermint (Mentha x piperita), German chamomile (Matricaria recutita), Calamus (Acorus calamus), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), Calendula flowers (Calendula officinalis), Raspberry leaves and fruit (Rubus idaeus), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
Urinary tract infections	marshmallow leaf (Althaea officinalis), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), cornsilk (Zea mays), echinacea (Echinacea spp.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), celery seed (Apium graveolens)
Nervous System e.g. anxiety, stress, agitation, insomnia	marshmallow leaf (Althaea officinalis), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Rosa spp., red clover (Trifolium pratense), melissa (Melissa officinalis), hawthorne berries (Crataegus oxyacanthoides), linden blossom (Tilia europea), oats (Avena sativa), passion flower (Passiflora incarnata)

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7. What essential oils can I add to the aromatic herbal pastilles? How do I choose?
Choose specific essential oils based upon desired actions. e.g. antimicrobial (thyme), antitussive (cypress), nervine (lavender), etc.

Essential Oils to consider for Aromatic Herbal Pastilles

System/Condition	Essential Oils
Symptoms that accompany Colds or Flu (e.g. sore throat, dry or moist cough, congestion, etc.)	aniseed (Pimpinella anisum), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), sage (Salvia officinalis), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), peppermint (Mentha x piperita), angelica root (Angelica archangelica), spearmint (Mentha spicata), ginger (Zingiber officinale), Eucalyptus radiata or E. globulus, green myrtle (Myrtus communis), cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Fir (Abies spp.), Lemon (Citrus limon), Rosalina (Melaleuca ericifolia)
Digestive issues e.g. excess gas, constipation	fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce), coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), ginger (Zingiber officinale), peppermint (Mentha x piperita), German chamomile (Matricaria recutita), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), caraway seed (Carum carvi), lemon (Citrus limon), spearmint (Mentha spicata)
Urinary tract infections	geranium (Pelargonium x asperum), palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii var. martinii), Lemon (Citrus limon), sandalwood (Santalum album), thyme ct. linalool or ct. geraniol (Thymus vulgaris), Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
Nervous System e.g. anxiety, stress, agitation, insomnia	lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), German chamomile (Matricaria recutita), clary sage (Salvia sclarea), combava petitgrain (Citrus hystrix), melissa (Melissa officinalis), sweet marjoram (Origanum marjorana), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), Petitgrain (Citrus x aurantium var amara)

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Sample formulations

Cold with lots of mucus

25% thyme ct linalool (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil
30% Rosmarinus officinalis ct verbenone essential oil
25% green myrtle (Myrtus communis)
20% lemon (Citrus limon)
5 grams Thymus vulgaris leaf powder
10 grams Salvia officinalis leaf powder
25 grams coconut flour

Flu (preventative and to alleviate symptoms)

15% Eucalyptus globulus essential oil
25% cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) essential oil
20% sweet marjoram (Origanum marjorana) essential oil
15% palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini var motia) essential oil
25% ravintsara (Cinnamomum camphora ct 1.8 cineole) essential oil
10 grams Echinacea spp. root powder
5 grams Sage leaf (Salvia officinalis) powder
5 grams Rosa spp. flower powder
20 grams coconut flour

Urinary tract infections

25% Niaouli (Melaleuca quinquinervia)
50% Thyme ct. geraniol (Thymus vulgaris)
25% Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
7 grams Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) flower and leaves, or just flowers, powdered
7 grams marshmallow leaf (Althaea officinalis)
25 grams coconut flour

Nervine (Stress Relief) Pastilles

20% Sweet marjoram (Origanum marjorana)
55% Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
25% Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium var. amara) (Can use Sweet orange or bergamot fcc.)
7 grams Lavander flowers (Lavandula angustifolia)
10 grams Marshmallow leaf (Althaea officinalis) or Oats (Avena sativa)
23 grams coconut flour

Assignment: Essential experience in making medicine balls

Make a batch of aromatic herbal pastilles. Create your own formulation or use one of the sample formulations. Experiment with dried herbs; research them to make sure they are a good choice for your purpose.

Share your experience on the student forum!

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Mentorship Sessions

Our mentorship program has arrived!

We will typically be meeting every FIRST Wednesday of the month for one hour, there are some exceptions. See dates and times below.

To Join Zoom Meeting, click here!

These zoom sessions will be a time for you to ask questions related to course studies as well as to receive support for your case studies.

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2026 Dates

Time is Eastern Time in the US

• January 7: CANCELLED
• February 4: 10 am Recording Link!
  Passcode: zY7Q7Dh=
• March 4: 10 am Recording Link!
  Passcode: F=^jV7@Q

• April 8: 10 am
• May 6: 6 pm
• June No Session due to travel and 60th Birthday
• July Summer Holidays
• August Summer Holidays
• September 2: 10 am
• October 7: 6 pm
• November 4: 10 am
• December 2: 6 pm

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2025 Dates

February 5th 10am EST Recording Link!
Passcode: Mau%d@7R

March 5th 6pm NO RECORDING AVAILABLE

April 9th 10am EDT Recording Link!
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May 7th 6pm EDT Recording Link!
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June 4th, No session this month due to travel.
July/August – Vacation

September 3rd, 6pm EDT Recording Link!
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October 8th, No session

November 5th, 6pm EST Recording Link!
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December 3rd, 6pm EST Recording Link!
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2024 Dates

January No mentorship this month.

February 7th 10am EST Recording link!
Passcode: W%K9Mg6Z

March 6th 6pm EST Recording link!
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April 3rd Recording Link
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May 8th Recording Link
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June 5th Recording Link
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July 10th Recording Link
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August 7th Recording Link
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September 11th Recording Link
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November 13th Recording Link
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December 10th Recording Link
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2023

January 4th Recording link!
Passcode: Calendula77!

March 8th Recording link!
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April 5th Recording link!
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June 7th: Recording link
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July 12th: Recording link
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August 2nd: Summer Holidays

September 6th: 10am EST
Recording link
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October 11th: 10am EST
Recording link
Passcode: 25*qcVKa

November 8th: 10am EST
Recording link
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December 6th: 6pm EST
Recording Link
Passcode: @#bT14iw

 

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2022 Recordings

September 7th: Meeting Recording
Passcode: Calendula77!

October 5th: Meeting Recording
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November 2nd: Meeting Recording
Passcode: Calendula77!

December 7th: Meeting Recording
Passcode: Calendula77!

 

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Juniper

Juniperus communis L.

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Watch: About Juniper Berry Essential Oil

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Common juniper, dwarf juniper, juniper, malchangel
Scientific name: Juniperus communis L.
Botanical family: Cupressaceae
Conservation status: Least concern¹

Description: Common juniper is a spreading evergreen shrub or small tree in the Cupressaceae family. It thrives in a stunning range of habitats, and is the world’s most widespread conifer, native to both temperate Eurasia and North America.

Juniper is multi-stemmed and recumbent, with a generally depressed crown. The brown bark is fibrous and exfoliates in thin strips. The smaller branchlets are smooth, while the bark of the larger branchlets exfoliates in strips and plates. The leaves are green, with a tendency to appear silver. Seed cones manifest in two distinct sizes, and are globose-to-ovoid, maturing over the course of two years. Juniper berries are the female seed cones, which are bluish black, glaucous, and contain 2-3 seeds. It is not a true berry, but a seed cone with fleshy, merged scales that lend it a berry-like appearance.²

Ethnobotany: Juniper berries have been used in traditional medicine for their carminative, urinary antiseptic, diuretic, emmenagogue, sudorific, and digestive properties. The berries have been used to treat rheumatic and painful swellings, hemorrhoids, and tuberculosis in infants. The bark has been employed for respiratory maladies including asthma and cough, as well as venereal disease, arthritis, diabetes, and skin afflictions.³

Berries of J. communis have long been used as flavoring in food and spirits. The dried berries are crushed to release their flavor, then added to meat, soups, sauces, stews, stuffing, and pickles. The berries are famous as a flavoring in gin and beer. Juniper branches and berries have been burnt in temples to purify the air during sacred rituals. In modern times, the essential oil is extracted from the dried ripe berries.⁴

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Balkans, France, Italy
Part of plant used: Berries
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.5 – 1.5%
Color of oil: Pale yellow

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Juniper berry essential oil contains over seventy-four unique components.

The core components include: ⍺-pinene (15.59-43.19%), β-myrcene (2.89-26.5%), limonene (2.9-10%), germacrene D (2.76-10.22%). Monoterpene content 39.11 to 78.38% and sesquiterpene content 17.45-38.5%.

Components include:
Monoterpenes: ⍺-thujene (0.7-1.49%), ⍺-pinene (15.59-56.8%), camphene (t-0.62%), sabinene (2.8-11.77%), β-pinene (1.65-5.9%), β-myrcene (2.89-26.5%), ⍺-phellandrene (0.09-0.82%), β -phellandrene (8.9%), limonene (2.9-10%), -terpinene (0.82-2.27%), ⍺-terpinolene (1.03-1.74%), delta-3-carene (3.7%)
Sesquiterpenes: β-elemene (1.77-3.48%), trans-caryophyllene (1.81-4.05%), y-elemene (1.43-6.4%), Germacrene D, (2.76-10.22%), β-cadinene (1.57-5.4%), and twenty-three other sesquiterpene components at less then 1%, often below 0.5%.
Esters (less then 1%): citronellyl acetate, myrtenil acetate, bornyl acetate
Monoterpenols: each at less then 1% – linalool, terpinen-4-ol, myrtenol, β-citronellol^7,8

SAFETY INFORMATION

• Avoid internal use if kidney inflammation or irritation is present.⁹
• Caution: Due to the monoterpene content, it is important that the essential oil be stored properly (e.g., in a dark container in the refrigerator or in a cold room away from sunlight and heat). Oxidized essential oils should not be used in body care products or formulations designed for dermal application. The essential oil can, however, be used for cleaning products.
• Average shelf life for monoterpene-rich essential oils, when stored correctly is 1-3 years.

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

System	Action
Musculoskeletal system	analgesic, antirheumatic
Digestive system	depurative
Respiratory system	expectorant
Urinary system	diuretic
Immune system	detoxifier
General	antiseptic, anti-histamine, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial10, antinociceptive, antioxidant11,12, antispasmodic, antiviral, stimulant

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Circulatory, Musculoskeletal

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Fresh, piney, fruity
Blending factor: 4
Note: Top note
Blends well with: Grapefruit, lemon, cypress, cedarwood, Eucalyptus globulus or
E. radiata, Spanish sage, rosemary ct. verbenone, clary sage, lavender, lemongrass, palmarosa, sweet marjoram, tea tree, ginger, carrot seed
Substitutions: Grapefruit, lemon, Eucalyptus globulus or E. radiata, Tea tree

CORE INDICATIONS

• Circulatory system: poor circulation (C+++)
• Digestive system: poor appetite, bloating, flatulence/gas, dyspepsia, lack of appetite (C+++, O++, I+++)
• Musculoskeletal system: muscular aches and pains, rheumatism, cellulite, joint pain and stiffness, strains and sprains, carpal tunnel syndrome, sciatica, spasms, shin splints, edema (C+++)
• Respiratory system: colds or flu, respiratory congestion, bronchitis (C+++, I+++, D++)
• Skin: poor elimination, slow healing sores, acne, oily skin, eczema, herpes, oily scalp (C+++)
• Urinary system: urinary tract infections¹³ (O+++)
• Psyche/emotion: fluctuating energy levels, worry, cold, fear, trembling, emotionally frozen, feelings of being blocked, lack of motivation, energizing (I+++, D++, C++)
  ____________
• Ayurveda: Due to its affinity to the circulatory system, juniper would be indicated for an imbalance in vyana vata. May also be beneficial for imbalances of slesaka kapha.
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Juniper is a powerful tonic of the body’s warming and stimulating yang energy, especially of the Kidney-yang. Juniper is useful to break through psychological stagnation and consolidate will-power.¹⁴
  ___________

RESEARCH

Research Notes

• Junipers therapeutic actions are due primarily to its volatile oil, which contains the constituent terpinen-4-ol. Diuretic actions stimulated by terpinen-4-ol are reportedly aquaretic, meaning that glomerular filtration rates increase, but electrolyte secretion does not.¹⁵ Avoid internal use if kidney inflammation or irritation is present.¹⁶

Animal studies

• The inhalation of juniper berry (Juniperus communis) essential oil (1% and 3%, daily, for 21 days) improves memory formation in rats.¹⁷

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Patchouli

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.

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Watch: About Patchouli with Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Patchouli
Scientific name: Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.
Botanical family: Lamiaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: Patchouli is an herbaceous perennial plant in the Lamiaceae family native tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia. Pogostemon cablin is a branched, erect, square-stemmed aromatic herb/undershrub that grows 1-1.2 meters tall. Leaves are simple, opposite, decussate (each pair of leaves is at right angles to those above and below), 2-4 inches long, with slightly lobed crenate-serrate margins. They are bright green when grown in shade, and pale to purplish green when exposed. The dorsal surface is ribbed and hairy. P. cablin yields an aromatic oil, which is found in the glandular trichomes of the leaves. Flowers are borne on spikes in whorls, and vary in color from white to pale purple. The flowers have four stamens, and a deeply-lobed ovary that contains a single ovule and a fruit with four smooth ovoid nutlets.

P. cablin thrives in shaded, well-drained, fertile soil with evenly distributed rainfall, and is adapted to warm and humid environments. Indonesia is the worlds’ largest commercial producer of patchouli essential oil; the plant is also cultivated on a large scale in India, Malaysia, China, Singapore, Vietnam and West Africa.

Patchouli is valued in perfumery and aromatherapy, and is a common ingredient in soaps, detergents, body lotions, and perfumes.¹

Ethnobotany: In traditional medicine, patchouli oil has been used to treat fungal skin infections, dandruff, and eczema. It was added to baths to relieve rheumatism, and a tea brewed from the leaves was used as a remedy for digestive maladies. The herb was also employed as a moth repellent for clothing.²

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Indonesia, India, China, Brazil
Part of plant used: Dried leaves
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.25-0.75% fresh leaves | 1.8-5% dried leaves
Color of oil: Red/brown to clear

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

19+ components make up 97.97% of the essential oil.

The components found in the highest quantities include the following:

• Monoterpenols: patchouli alcohol (23.2 – 31.86%),
• Sesquiterpenes: seychellene (5.6 – 9.58%), ⍺-guaiene (8.82 – 14.6%), δ-guaiene (8.65-14.69%), ⍺-patchoulene (3.3 – 8.48%), β-patchoulene (2.87-6.91%), b-caryophyllene (4.5-4.63%), selinene (3.9%)
• Ketone: pogostone (3.83%)^3,4,5

SAFETY INFORMATION

• Oral use of patchouli is cautioned for those on anticoagulant medication, before major surgery, or who have a peptic ulcer, hemophilia, and other bleeding disorders due to the content of α-bulnesene which may inhibit blood clotting.⁶

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Antidepressant, antifungal⁷, anti-inflammatory⁸, antimicrobial, antioxidant⁹, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, insect repellant; venous, lymphatic and prostatic decongestant; sedative¹⁰, vulnerary*

*Therapeutic activity of patchouli essential oil is often based upon its active component: patchouli alcohol (patchoulol).

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Skin, Nervous system, Emotions/Psyche

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Strong, musty, hot, earthy, dry
Blending factor: 4
Note: Base
Blends well with: Lavender, cardamom, bergamot, elemi, sweet orange, cypress, tangerine/mandarin, black pepper, cinnamon leaf, ginger, angelica root, grapefruit, clary sage, rose alba, tansy, cistus, geranium, spikenard, valerian
Substitutions: Vetiver

CORE INDICATIONS

• General: useful in mosquito repellents, serves to hold other essential oils (as a base – fixative) so insect repellants and perfumes last longer and are more effective. (C+++, Sp+++)
• Circulatory system: varicose veins, venous decongestant, hemorrhoids, cellulite, edema, poor circulation (C+++, SI+++)
• Musculoskeletal system: stress related tension (C+++, I+++)
• Reproductive and Endocrine systems: frigidity, menstrual cramps, reduced or lack of sex drive, impotence (I+++, C+++, D++)
• Skin: aging or sagging skin, itchy or inflamed skin conditions¹¹, acne, athlete’s foot, cracked or chapped skin, eczema (weeping), wrinkles, irritated skin conditions, sores, fissures, inflamed scar tissue, fungal or parasitic skin infections¹², allergic inflammation, cellulite (C+++)
• Psyche/Emotion: anxiety, confusion, poor concentration, mood swings, challenging behavior, hyperactivity, anxiety, feelings of being overwhelmed, very relaxing, centering and grounding, gives a sense of solidness, protecting, classic antidepressant (I+++, C+++, D++)
  _______________
• Ayurveda: reduces Vata anxiety, grounds and encourages compassion in Pitta, and can be a support oil to lemon or other astringents in reducing excess Kapha congestion
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): In TCM, patchouli is earthy, warm, and sweet, and it is used for people with a deficiency of Qi-energy in the Spleen-pancreas, and who, as a result, suffer from fatigue, loose stools, and abdominal distention. Patchouli harmonizes the Earth element and the Intellect (Yi), grounding and stabilizing the mind when over-thinking and worry develop.¹³

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RESEARCH

• Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil exhibits acaricidal activity against house dust mites.¹⁴

Animal studies

• In a 2017 animal study published in Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, researchers studied the potential benefit of patchouli for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patchouli essential oil was found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. The study found that patchouli essential oil delivered via rectal suppositories may relieve symptoms of IBD.¹⁵

In vitro Studies

• Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil is an effective antimicrobial in the treatment of acne accompanied by infection of either Staphylococcus epidermidis or Propionibacterium acnes in vitro.¹⁶

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Ylang ylang

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F.& Thoms.

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Watch: About Ylang Ylang with Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Ylang ylang
Scientific name: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson
Botanical family: Annonaceae
Conservation status: Least concern¹

Description: Cananga odorata, commonly known as ylang-ylang, is a fast-growing perennial tree in the Annonaceae family native to tropical Asia. C. odorata is a medium-sized, slim, smooth-barked evergreen that grows up to 25 meters height. The tree features long, drooping branches. Leaves are alternate, ovate-oblong to broadly elliptic, shiny and dark green above, duller and lighter green beneath, with wavy margins. The flowers are highly fragrant, arranged in 4-12 flower hanging axillary umbels. Each flower has six slightly thickened twisted, pointed, hairy petals. These are 4-6 cm long, green when young, and yellow to yellowish-brown when mature. Fruits are ovoid and dark green to black. Seeds are hard, flattened, ovoid, pitted, and pale brown in color.

Ylang-ylang is native to Southeast Asia, including the Philippines and Malaysia, has been naturalized in the Pacific islands including Australia, and was introduced to China, India, Africa, and the United States due to its economic value. Ylang-ylang is cultivated at a large scale for use in the fragrance industry. Essential oils are extracted from the flowers via steam distillation, and are used in cosmetics, massage oils, moisturizing creams, perfumes, scented candles, and in food applications.

Ethnobotany: C. odorata has long been valued for its medicinal properties. Polynesians traditionally used the fragrant flowers to scent massage oils, while people in Java and Vietnam used the dried flowers to treat malaria. Fresh flowers pounded into a paste were used as an asthma remedy. Traditional healers in the Northern Mariana Islands used the flowers and bark to treat pneumonia and stomach ache. Indonesians used ylang-ylang oil as an aphrodisiac, and to reduce anxiety around sex. The plant has been used to relieve depression and nervousness. In India, ylang-ylang leaves were applied topically to treat dandruff, and the oil was used to relieve headaches, inflammation of the eyes, and gout. A decoction of the bark was used to treat rheumatism, ulcers, fevers, and ophthalmia. In Papua New Guinea a decoction of the inner bark was used to treat gout and stomach ailments. People of Tonga and Samoa have used the plant as a laxative.² In Tagalog ylang-ylang means “flower of flowers”.³

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Reunion Islands, Comoros, Madagascar
Part of plant used: Flowers
Extraction method: Distillation/hydrodistillation (up to 6 fractions are removed)
Essential oil yield: 2.0 – 2.5%
Color of oil: Clear, pale yellow

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Ylang ylang is a fractionated essential oil, meaning different fractions are removed based on distillation time. Currently there are five grades available: Extra Super, Extra, First, Second, and Third.⁴ Ylang ylang complete is a combination of the first four distillates.⁵ During the distillation process, the grades become richer in less volatile compounds (sesquiterpenes) and poorer in volatile compounds (esters, aldehydes, alcohols, etc.).

Let’s explore the chemistry of ylang ylang in more depth.

Chemical Variation in Ylang Ylang Fractions^6,7
Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata forma genuina)

The three most common fractions in the market are (all major components have been listed):

• Ylang ylang #1: linalool (23.3%), benzyl acetate (28.73%), geranyl acetate (9.02%), p-cresyl methyl ether (12.778%)
• Ylang ylang #2: linalool (12.3%), benzyl acetate (25.68%), geranyl acetate (22.41%)
• Ylang ylang #3: linalool (3.44%), benzyl acetate (6.43%), geranyl acetate (21.89%), Germacrene-D (13.32%), Benzyl benzoate (10.49%)

What’s the Difference?
Not a huge difference per se, mostly subtle difference in ester content and sesquiterpene content. Ylang ylang extra has a higher content of monoterpene alcohol components (>20%) [specifically, linalool) versus the complete (<4%). This could indicate that ylang ylang extra may be of slightly more benefit to the skin. Both have a similar ester content supporting their antispasmodic activity. Ylang ylang complete has a much higher content of benzyl benzoate. All in all, this comparison helps to understand why and how different fractions of ylang ylang can be applied for their similar therapeutic actions.

SAFETY INFORMATION

• Cutaneous route: Moderate skin sensitizer.⁸ Caution when applying to hypersensitive, diseased or damaged skin.
• Children and Infants: It is recommended to avoid dermal application of ylang ylang essential oil to children under 2 years of age.⁹
• GRAS status.

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Analgesic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, hypotensive, nervine

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Warm, exotic, sweet, heavy, sensual
Blending factor: 4
Note: Mid note, mid to base
Blends well with: Sweet orange, ginger, cinnamon leaf, lavender, bergamot, rose, cardamom, mandarin, , clary sage, geranium, jasmine, sandalwood, palmarosa, lime
Substitutions: Neroli, cinnamon leaf, patchouli

CORE INDICATIONS

• Circulatory system: hypertension (high blood pressure), stress-induced tachycardia (heart palpitations form acute stress) (I+++, D++, C++, Fb++)
• Reproductive and Endocrine systems: male impotence, PMS (low self-esteem), dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, PMT (premenstrual tension) (I+++, C+++, D++)
• Skin: oily/combination skin, aging or stressed skin, scalp tonic¹⁰, regulates sebum (C+++)
• Psyche/emotion: can help soothe and reduce anxiety, anger, and fright, antidepressant, very calming, reassuring, brings feelings of inner trust, aphrodisiac, euphoria, joy and peace, builds self-confidence, releases endorphins helping to reduce pain and create euphoric mood, considered to be one of the best aphrodisiacs, bereavement, separation, post-traumatic stress syndrome, nervous tension or depression, frigidity (I+++, D+++, C++)
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• Ayurveda: Soothes excess vata (anxiety, fear) and pitta (anger, frustration), balancing for kapha
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Clears heat from the heart while simultaneously harmonizing the mind (Shen).¹¹

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RESEARCH

Human Studies

In a 2004 placebo controlled study, researchers set out to study the potential effects of inhalation of ylang ylang essential oil on the autonomic nervous system as well as the mental and emotional response, as well as to elucidate the potential mechanisms of action for these effects. Twenty-four health volunteers participated in the study. Two groups consisting of 12 individuals were formed. In the ylang ylang group, participants inhaled ylang ylang for 20 minutes. The individuals in the placebo group, inhaled a placebo substance for 20 minutes. Breathing rate, pulse rate, and skin temperature were taken in each session. A baseline session using placebo only for all individuals was performed prior to the ylang ylang session and placebo session. Each participant also shared their subjective mental and emotional response to what they experienced during their inhalation session. The study found that the inhalation of ylang ylang decreased pulse rate, decreased systolic blood pressure, and decreased physiological arousal (decrease of sympathetic tone). Interestingly, participants in the ylang ylang group rated themselves more alert and attentive.

The researchers concluded that while ylang ylang decreases physiological arousal, subjectively it appears to make some individuals feel more alert and attentive. The researchers called this effect: harmonization. In their words “The effects of ylang ylang oil may be characterized by the concept of ‘harmonization’ rather than relaxation /sedation.”¹²

This concept of harmonization has also been exhibited by lavender, sandalwood, and sweet orange essential oils.^13,14

In this 2006 study, designed to study the effect of ylang ylang essential oil when applied to the skin, each participant had oxygen supplied through an inhalation set (like an oxygen mask) to avoid physiological reactions due to inhalation of aroma. The study included forty participants. Participants were placed in one of two groups: the ylang ylang group or the control group. Each group consisted of 20 participants.

The ylang ylang group applied 1ml of a 20% (w/w) dilution of ylang ylang in sweet almond oil to the skin of the lower abdomen. They were instructed to massage the oil into the skin for 5 minutes. The control group followed the same protocol but with only sweet almond oil.

The physiological parameters that were studied included: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, skin temperature, breathing rate, and pulse rate. Participants rated their mental and emotional state using specific words such as: relaxed, vigor, calmness, attentiveness, alertness, and mood. Results showed that dermal application of ylang ylang essential oil significantly reduced blood pressure (a decrease in sympathetic tone) and increased skin temperature. Participants in the ylang ylang group rated themselves calmer and more relaxed then the control group participants.

These findings are likely to represent a relaxing effect of the ylang ylang oil and provide some evidence for the usage of the ylang ylang essential oil in aromatherapy as a hypotensive and antidepressant, and for it’s ability to reduce stress.¹⁵

A 2018 randomized single blind control study published in the The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, set out to study investigate on the effects of essential oil inhalation on stress index, sympathetic/parasympathetic nerve activities, cortisol, and blood pressure after exposure to noise and arithmetic subtraction stressor. The study included 95 participants divided into three groups: experimental group (33) or or placebo group (31) or control group (31). The experiential group was given a 1:1 blend of lavender and ylang ylang essential oils. Two drops of the synergy were placed on an aromastone set 10cm away from participants nose. Each participant was instructed to ensure they were in a comfortable position and then to inhale the ‘aroma’ for 10 minutes. The placebo group inhaled a 0.9% saline solution and the control group was made comfortable in room but had no inhalation. Measurements of stress index, sympathetic/parasympathetic nerve activities, cortisol levels, systolic/diastolic blood pressure were conducted at base line, after stressor was presented, 10 minutes after treatment, and finally, 30 minutes after treatment.

The study found that the inhalation of lavender/ylang ylang blend significantly reduced stress, sympathetic nervous system activity, lower blood pressure and to reduce serum cortisol levels. Blood pressure and sympathetic nervous activity actually went below base line for those in the experimental group.¹⁷

In a small study involving 10 participants, researchers studied the physiological responses to the inhalation of ylang ylang. The study measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse rate, stress index, and brain wave after sniffing the essential oil samples. The inhalation of ylang ylang reduced blood pressure, stress levels, and exhibited sedative activity.¹⁸

The natural remedy, which contains coconut oil, anise oil and Ylang ylang oil, was applied to the hair of infested children three times at 5 day intervals. Each treatment lasted for 15 minutes. The control pediculicide was a spray formulation containing permethrin, malathion, piperonyl butoxide, isododecane and propellant gas, which was applied twice for 10 minutes with a 10-day interval between applications. Treatment was successful with the natural remedy in 60 children (92.3%) and with the control pediculicide in 59 children (92.2%).²¹

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Geranium

Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Ait. var. roseum, syn.
Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L’Hér. ex Willd.

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Watch: About Geranium with Jade Shutes

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Listen to Jade discuss the amazing therapeutics of Geranium

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: rose geranium, sweet scented geranium
Scientific name: Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Ait. var. roseum
Synonym: Pelargonium asperum Ehrh. ex Willd.
Botanical family: Geraniaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: There are over 260 species of Pelargonium with many of these species originating from the coastal South Africa. The rose-scented pelargonium was cultivated as a hybrid in Europe and was commercially grown in Grasse, France in the early 19th century. Rose geranium is a sturdy much-branched plant to 1.3 meters (4.2 feet) in height.

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of Origin: Reunion Island, Egypt, Madagascar, China
Part of Plant used: Flowering tops
Extraction method: Steam Distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.30 – 2.0%
Color of Oil: Pale yellowish, green

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Geranium essential oil contains over 67+ unique components. It is rich in monoterpene alcohols (33-70+%) and esters (18 – 22+%), supported by nontoxic ketones (7-8%).

Monoterpenols: citronellol (21-39.6%), geraniol (5.9-25.85%), linalool (6.54 – 13%),
Esters: citronellyl formate (8 – 10.66%), geranyl formate (8%)^2,3,4,5

SAFETY INFORMATION

• GRAS status.
• Small risk of skin sensitization.⁶
• Medication alert: Avoid oral use while on diabetes medication and drugs metabolized by CYP2B6 gene enzymes.⁷

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Analgesic^8,9, antibacterial¹⁰, antidepressant¹¹, anti-inflammatory^12,13,14, antifungal (includes yeasts such as Candida albicans)^15,16, antimicrobial¹⁷, antioxidant¹⁸, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anxiolytic¹⁹, hypotensive, vasorelaxant, vulnerary²⁰

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Reproductive, Skin, Circulatory

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Fresh, strong, green, rose-like
Blending factor: 2 – 3
Notes: Mid, Mid to top
Blends well with: Clary sage, lavender, bergamot, cypress, yarrow, jatamansi, valerian, melissa, helichrysum, tea tree, sweet orange, sandalwood, ylang ylang, rose, coriander seed, yuzu, patchouli
Substitutions: Cypress, rose, lemon, yarrow, clary sage

CORE INDICATIONS

• General uses: jet lag or imbalance brought on by travel, insect repellents (C+++, Sp+++, I+++)
• Nervous system: Postherpetic pain relief²¹ (C+++)
• Circulatory system: poor circulation, edema, broken capillaries, hemorrhoids, varicose veins (C+++)
• Digestive system: nervous stomach upset (C++, I+++)
• Musculoskeletal system: musculoskeletal tension, aches and pain, inflammation (C+++)
• Reproductive and Endocrine system: symptoms of hormonal shifts that occur during menstruation, menopause, and puberty; symptoms of PMS, menopausal hot flashes, vaginal candidiasis (C+++, I+++, VP+++)
• Skin: oily skin, hormone-related acne, acne; poor circulation in the skin caused by smoking; ringworm; head lice; dandruff; mouth ulcers, thrush (oral), and gum infections; wound and abscess healing; cellulite; fungal or bacterial infections of the skin; rosacea, cold sore (antiviral), acute or chronic inflammatory skin disorders (anti-inflammatory) (C+++, O++)
• Psyche/emotion: depressive thinking, anxiety, tension, reduces depression, general agitation, mood swings, and frustration; general fatigue from lack of sleep and/or stress, emotional or physical stress. Geranium oil is an excellent choice in alleviating chronic or acute worry about the future. (C+++, I+++, D+)

 

• Ayurveda: Soothes and enhances prana and udana Vata; reduces Pitta fire and induces calm, centeredness, and compassion; reduces excess Kapha.
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): In TCM, geranium is cool and moist, so it will counter heat and inflammation. It also encourages the flow of both Qi and blood.²²

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RESEARCH

Human Studies

• Geranium essential oil relieves postherpetic neuralgia pain.
  A 2003 study published in the American Journal of Medicine, used a multicenter, double-blind crossover study involving five groups to evaluate the use of geranium oil (Pelargonium spp. – chemistry unknown) to relieve postherpetic neuralgia pain. Participants were divided equally and in random order to one of the following groups: 100% geranium oil, 50% geranium oil in mineral oil, 10% geranium oil in mineral oil, or the control: mineral oil USP 100% placebo and a capsaicin 0.025%. Results showed geranium oil to significantly reduce both evoked and spontaneous pain as compared to placebo. Geranium oil relieves pain within minutes and may last several hours (more studies are needed to confirm longevity of application benefits in pain reduction). The paper continued by reporting on the transformation of one participant, who after applying 100% geranium oil was able to resume normal life after being housebound due to magnitude of pain.²³
• Geranium may increase salivary estrogen levels.
  In this study, the inhalation of geranium essential oil or rose essential oil was found to upregulate estrogen secretion in women currently going through menopause. Further research is warranted.²⁴
• Geranium essential oil (Pelargonium graveolens) in gel reduces inflammation and decreases Candida albicans infection in patients with denture stomatitis (an erythematous disorder of the denture-bearing tissues).
  A double-blind randomized clinical trial involving 80 participants divided into two groups was conducted to study the effects of geranium essential oil (Pelargonium graveolens) on Denture stomatitis. The participants were divided equally with 40 in each group. One group received a 1% dilution of geranium essential oil in a gel and the control group received a placebo. Gel was recommended to be used twice a day for 14 days. In the 1% geranium in gel group, 34% of patients improved completely compared to only 5% in control group (placebo) and 56% experienced partial recovery versus 25% in control group. The study concluded that geranium essential oil exhibited potential anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity.²⁵
• Geranium can reduce anxiety.
  In a randomized clinical trial involving 100 women divided into two groups: 50 participants received two drops of 2% concentrated geranium essential oil to inhale and 50 participants received the equal amount as distilled water (placebo control group). The geranium oil was dropped onto similar odorless non-absorbent pieces of fabric attached to the participant’s collar. Anxiety was reduced in both groups with a slightly higher reduction of anxiety with geranium.²⁶ Similar results were obtained from a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 80 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Geranium essential oil inhalation reduced anxiety.²⁷
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Animal Studies

• Geranium (Pelargonium asperum) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.
  In this study, the researchers induced inflammation in mice, after which geranium oil was applied, using dilutions ranging from 5-50%. The researchers found that geranium oil reduced the measured markers of inflammation in a dose-dependent manner, concluding that dermal application of geranium essential oil, can suppress the inflammatory symptoms of neutrophil accumulation and edema.²⁸In another study, geranium essential oil (botanical species not specified) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity on male Swiss mice. The geranium essential oil also reduced edema. The researchers summarized their findings to support further research on the potential of using geranium essential oil for acute and chronic inflammatory skin disorders. Main components of the geranium oil used in this study were: citronellol (29.13%), geraniol (12.62%), and citronellyl formate (8.06%).²⁸Geranium (Pelargonium roseum) exhibits anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in Swiss albino mice. The geranium oil used was rich in citronellol (35.9%), geraniol (18.5%), linalool (5.7%), δ-selinene (5.5%), iso-menthone (4.2%), citronellyl acetate (3.5%), menthone (2.6%), δ-cadinene (2.5%), and 34 other components.³⁰

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In Vitro Studies

• Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) exhibits potent antibacterial activity.
  P. graveolens oil exhibited strong activity against the Staphylococcus aureus isolates used in this study, which included multidrug resistant strains, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, and Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance (MLSB)-positive strains.³¹
• Geranium Bourbon (Pelargonium graveolens) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.³²
• Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens syn. P. roseum) exhibits antifungal activity.^33,34,35

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Other studies:

• Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium ssp.) exhibits mosquito repellent activity.³⁶

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Common Carrier Oils

The following carrier oils are some of the most commonly used in the practice of aromatherapy and they offer a wide range of therapeutic benefits.

Core Carrier Oils

Core carrier oils are the oils that will make up 50-100% of oil-based formulations. They have a stable shelf life of at least 12 to 24 months depending on storage.

Carrier Oil	Nutrient Profile	Therapeutic Properties
Sweet Almond oil Prunus amygdalis Absorption rate: Wet, absorbs slowly Dilution: Can be used 100% or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: 12-24 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (60-86%) with linoleic acid (15-30%)	• A good emollient, it protects and nourishes the skin. • Helps relieve itching, soreness, dryness and inflammation of the skin e.g. eczema. • Good for all skin types, particularly dry skin.
Apricot Kernel oil Prunus armeniaca Absorption rate: Wet, absorbs more slowly Dilution: Can be used 100% or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: 12-24 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (upwards of 72%), with linoleic acid (20-25%)	• All skin types: mature, dry, sensitive, or inflamed skin. protects the skin from free radicals, reduces inflammation, supports wound healing, and promotes skin barrier homeostasis. • A great combination for massage applications is 50% apricot kernel and 50% sunflower oil. • useful for relieving inflammation, itchiness, and dry skin
Argan oil Argania spinosa Absorption rate: Wet, absorbs slowly Dilution: Can be used 25-100% Shelf Life: Up to 24 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (41-55%), and linoleic acid (28-38%)	• Beneficial for mature, aging, or damaged skin. • Improves skin elasticity and skin hydration in post-menopausal women. • Daily dermal application of argan oil may reduce water loss (transepidermal water loss) and restore damaged skin barrier. • Prevent wrinkles • Based upon its cultural and historical uses, argan is indicated for problematic skin and acne. • Argan oil combined with rosehip seed oil can support healthy scar formation and may prevent stretch marks or improve their appearance.
Baobab oil Adansonia digitata Absorption: Wet, slow to absorb Dilution: Can be used 100% or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: Up to2-4 years when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated/ Saturated oil Rich in oleic acid (30-44%) and linoleic acid (27-37%) with palmitic acid (18-30%)	• Improves the skins elasticity, • Relieves inflamed skin condition such as dry eczema and psoriasis, • Cell regenerative • Softens and soothes the skin • May alleviate pain from burns • May improve appearance of stretch marks and scars • Can improve texture and shine to hair
Coconut oil Cocos nucifera Absorption rate: Wet – slow to absorb Dilution: Can be used at 100 percent or in a blend of other carrier oils. Shelf Life: Up to 24 months when stored correctly.	Saturated oil Rich in Lauric acid (45-53%) and myristic acid (16-21%)	• Excellent emollient and also slightly occludes the skin, thereby preventing transepidermal water loss. • It is used extensively in body butters, whipped butters, lip and body balms, and creams. • Coconut oil is considered cooling in Ayurvedic medicine and is indicated for Pitta skin conditions • Beneficial carrier oil for dry skin and dry, damaged hair.
Jojoba oil Simmondsia chinensis Absorption: Dry, readily absorbs into skin Dilution: Can be used 100 percent or in a blend of other oils Shelf Life: Up to 4-5 years when stored correctly.	(97%) of wax esters of monounsaturated, straight-chain fatty acids and alcohols with high-molecular weights	• Used for acne to dissolve clogged pores. • Has natural anti-inflammatory properties making it helpful for eczema, psoriasis, and inflamed skin. • Supports wound healing. • Great oil for the hair, relieving dry scalp and dandruff. (I like to use it with sesame oil 50/50). • Great for the nails and cuticles. • Recommended for regenerative skin care and for preventative aging care. • Improves and reduces stretch marks. • Indicated for oily, combination, or acne skin types although all skin types will benefit.
Sesame seed oil Sesamum indicum Absorption rate: Medium Dosage: Can be used 100% percent or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: Up to 24 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (35-42%), and linoleic acid (41-48%)	• Skin restructuring and emollient properties • Reinforces the integrity of the skin. • Free radical scavenging • Used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine and is indicated specifically to pacify vata due to its warming properties. • Good in dry and/or cold climates because it is heavy and penetrates the skin, going deep into the tissue. • Very nourishing, and prevents the skin from getting excessively dry. • Sesame oil massaged into the scalp once a week is an excellent way to nourish the scalp and restore the natural balance and luster of hair.
Sunflower oil Helianthus annuus Absorption rate: Oleic acid rich: slow to absorb; Linoleic acid rich: absorbs readily Dilution: Can be used 100% percent or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: Most sunflower oil on the market is rich in oleic acid making it a stable oil, for upwards of 12 to 24 months. If purchasing non-high oleic acid sunflower oil, the shelf life is 6-12 months due to high linoleic acid content.	#1: Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (67-83%) with oleic acid (8-21%) #2: Monounsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (70-84%)	• Wonderful for all skin types, emollient and soothing to the skin. • Oleic rich sunflower oil is great for herbal oil infusions. • Linoleic-acid rich sunflower oil is recommended for inflamed, irritated skin as well as for atopic dermatitis and eczema due to its anti-inflammatory and skin soothing properties. • Regenerative skin care.

 

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Enhancer Carrier Oils

Enhancer carrier oils are oils that are used at a lower percentage (1% to 25%) than the core carrier oils. With the exception of avocado oil and tamanu oil, enhancer carrier oils are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Due to the relatively short shelf life of the polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich carrier oils, it is valuable to add an antioxidant into formulations that contain them. You can also add an antioxidant to individual polyunsaturated fatty acid rich carrier oils to stabilize and lengthen its shelf life.

What is an antioxidant?

An antioxidant basically extends the shelf life of polyunsaturated fatty acid rich carrier oils by providing stability and preventing oxidation. Oxidation is a naturally occurring chemical process that happens when oxygen exposure causes other materials to degrade. When carrier oils oxidize, they often smell sour or off, and we say the carrier oil has gone “rancid.” Antioxidants can help lengthen the shelf life of the polyunsaturated fatty acid rich carrier oils.

It is important to understand that antioxidants do not inhibit the growth of microorganisms. This is the role of preservatives. With oil-based formulations, there is no need to add preservatives. Preservatives are in the realm of water-based formulations such as creams and gels.

Choice of Antioxidants

Mixed Tocopherols: The most commonly available mixed tocopherol product on the market is called MT-50 Vitamin E. This product is made up of 50% vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol, d-beta tocopherol, d-gamma tocopherol, d-delta tocopherol.) and 50% (GMO Free) refined soybean oil. MT-50 Vitamin E is a golden yellow to reddish, viscous oil having a slight characteristic vegetable oil aroma. It is approved by ECOCERT GREENLIFE, conform to the COSMOS standard.

• To prolong the shelf life of an individual polyunsaturated fatty acid rich carrier oil, add 0.04 – 0.5%.
  For oil-based formulations, it can be added at 0.5 – 1.5% to improve shelf life.

Rosemary CO2 Extract is an oil-soluble CO2 extract from rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) leaves standardized down into 60-65% sunflower oil (organic or non-organic depending on supplier). It is considered to be a stronger antioxidant than mixed tocopherols. Rosemary CO2 extract has a very slight aroma and a dark green color but due to the low dilution in formulations, it is unlikely to alter aroma or color of the product. Rosemary CO2 extract has a shelf-life of up to five years.

• Use Rosemary CO2 extract at 0.2 – 0.4% of the total oil-based formulation.

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Chart of Enhancer Carrier Oils

Carrier Oil	Nutrient Profile	Therapeutic Properties
Avocado oil (unrefined) Persea americana Absorption rate: Dry, readily absorbs into skin Dilution: Can be used 5-25% in a blend of other carrier oils. Shelf Life: For unrefined avocado oil: Once opened, 6-9 months dependent upon the storage conditions. Can add mixed tocopherols or vitamin E to elongate shelf life. For refined avocado oil: up to 12 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (47-67%), with palmitic acid (12-28%) and linoleic acid (10-19%)	• Antibacterial, anti-wrinkle, and healing properties • Revitalizing, emollient, and cell-regenerating, it is indicated for all skin types, especially post-menopausal, dry, dehydrated, fragile, or mature skin, or skin experiencing premature aging. • Avocado oil is also helpful for dry eczema or psoriasis.
Borage oil Borago officinalis Absorption rate: Dry, absorbs quickly into the skin Dilution: Can be used 10-20% percent in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: Up to 6-9 months when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (34-38%) and gamma-linolenic acid (21-25%) with oleic acid (14-18%)	• Recommended for premature aging, dry and devitalized skin, psoriasis, sensitive skin, and eczema. • Due to its rich gamma-linoleic acid content and other essential fatty acids, borage seed oil is a beneficial anti-inflammatory carrier oil. • Borage seed oil reduces transepidermal water loss • May be beneficial in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Evening Primrose oil Oenothera biennis Absorption rate: Dry, absorbs quickly into the skin Dilution: Can be used 5-15% in a blend of other carrier oils. Shelf life: Once opened, 6-12 months, when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (65-80%) and gamma-linolenic acid (9-27%)	• Strengthens the epidermal barrier, normalizes the excessive loss of water through the epidermis, regenerates skin, and improves smoothness after both topical and oral applications. • Good for premature aging, dry and devitalized skin, psoriasis, eczema, and regenerative skincare. • Indicated for atopic dermatitis due to its anti-inflammatory activity • It is also useful where there is a loss of elasticity.
Pomegranate seed oil Punica granatum Absorption rate: Dry, readily absorbs into the skin Dilution: Use at a 10-15% percent with other carrier oils or co2 extracts from the carrier oil palette. Can use in higher dilutions as needed. Shelf Life: Up to 12-24 months when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in punicic aid (57-79%)	• Excellent anti-inflammatory carrier oil • Indicated for dermal inflammations such as acne, sunburn, psoriasis, and rosacea. • Supports health via its ability to support cellular regeneration (specifically in the epidermis), combat free radicals (antioxidant activity). • Improves skin elasticity, revitalizes premature aging or sun damaged skin • Beneficial emollient for dry, irritated skin.
Raspberry Seed CO2 Total Extract Rubus idaeus Absorption rate: Dry, readily absorbs into the skin Dilution: Use at a 1-5% percent with other carrier oils or co2 extracts from the carrier oil palette. Can use in higher dilutions as needed or desired. Shelf Life: Up to 6-12 months when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (37-55%) and alpha-linolenic acid (25-31%) with oleic acid (11-22%)	• Positively benefit the skin by improving hydration, reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and softening the skin. • Inflamed skin conditions • Tissue regeneration (scars, skin burns, etc.) • Premature aging • Dry skin • Photoprotective : protective role against damaging effects of UV radiation (sun exposure) • Preventative aging (antioxidant) • Acne, oily skin
Rosehip seed oil Rosa rubiginosa Absorption rate: Dry, readily absorbs into the skin Dilution: Use at a 10-25% percent with other carrier oils or co2 extracts from the carrier oil palette. Can use in higher dilutions as needed or desired. Shelf Life: Up to 6-12 months when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (37-55%) and alpha-linolenic acid (25-31%) with oleic acid (11-22%) Rosehip seed oil is rich in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids which contribute to the oils anti-inflammatory and cellular regeneration activity as well as its ability to prevent transepidermal water loss.	• Inflamed skin conditions • Hyperpigmentation of scars • Tissue regeneration (scars, skin burns, etc.) • Premature aging/ Preventative aging (antioxidant) • Treatment of skin disorders: eczema, trophic ulcers of the skin, cheilitis (inflammation of the lips, dry chapped lips) • Best tissue regenerators for scars, skin burns, and for premature aging. • Exceptional effect in reducing the hyperpigmentation of scars and reducing their appearance. • Indicated for reducing photoaging.
Tamanu oil Calophyllum inophyllum Absorption rate: Dry – readily absorbs into skin. Leaves a slightly tacky feeling on the skin when applied at 100%. Dilution: Dilutions of 10-25% combined with other carriers is recommended. Can be used at 100%, particularly when working with shingles. Shelf Life: Up to 2-4 years when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated/ Saturated oil Rich in oleic acid (30-44%) and linoleic acid (27-37%) with palmitic acid (18-30%)	• Wound healing, relieves pain and supports the health of the skin • Antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties • Tamanu promotes the formation of new tissue and accelerates healing and growth of healthy skin. • Tamanu also serves as a highly effective anti-inflammatory oil. A component of tamanu oil, calophyllolide, may contribute to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity. • Dermal application of tamanu oil can improve the appearance of scar tissue. • Tamanu oil exhibits antioxidant and anti-UV properties at a 1% dilution. • It is indicated for cuts, scrapes, burns, insect bites or stings, abrasions, acne, acne scars, psoriasis, diabetic sores, anal fissures, sunburn, dry or scaly skin, blisters, eczema, herpes sores, and to reduce foot or body odor. • Tamanu oil may also be indicated for sciatica, neuralgia, and rheumatism. Tamanu exhibits antimicrobial activity, which is effective in treating Tinea infections (ringworm). • The antioxidant activity of tamanu oil helps to protect the skin from free radicals.

 

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Watch “Introduction to Blending Guide with Jade Shutes”

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The Stock Bottle

A synergy is a combination of essential oils without a carrier/herbal oil or other base. Synergies are designed to be used in diffusers (all types), personal inhalers, or steam inhalations.

Synergies can also be stock bottles.

The stock bottle is typically made in ½ to 2+ fluid ounce (15–60+ ml) quantities and is designed for use in various methods of application, for diffusing, or for a specific product.

For instance, let’s say it’s winter, and the cold and flu are going around. You could make up a batch (e.g., 15 ml) of a respiratory synergy with eucalyptus, rosemary, and peppermint. This synergy could then be used in a salve, a chest oil, a diffuser, and even a salt scrub.

For each product designed to be used with that specific synergy, you simply add in the desired number of drops based on your chosen dilution rate.

Stock bottles are also beneficial when working with clients. You could provide the client with a 5 or 10ml synergy stock bottle to be used over a period of time in their diffuser at home.

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NEW!

Print out our Dynamics of Blending Guide to support your blending process!

 

Guide to Blending Essential Oils

 

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SALVES

Salves are typically prepared from a combination of beeswax, vegetable oils, herbal-infused oils, and essential oils. They can vary in consistency from quite thick and somewhat hard to soft and semisolid. Salves tend to soften on contact with the skin and require little time to be worked into it. They provide a healing, emollient, soothing, and protective effect on the skin and are usually used in specific, localized areas.

In general, aromatherapy salves are useful for:

• Dermal inflammation
• Bug bites
• Scar therapy: reduces inflammation and improves scar appearance
• Musculoskeletal aches and pains
• Skin issues: particularly dry, cracked skin conditions
• Wound healing (after initial tissue healing has occurred)
• Stress/Anxiety/Emotional conditions
• Dry, itchy skin conditions

Contraindications for Salves: Avoid the use of oils and salves on poison ivy rashes, weepy eczema, pimples, boils, fresh sunburn, and fungal and bacterial skin infections. Instead, use herbal compresses, soaks, baths, or poultices, which are examples of water-based applications. Also, note that if oils or salves are used as a sexual lubricant, they can degrade and break most condoms. (Juliet Blankespoor)

Essential Oil Dilution Rate for Salves

For salve formulations, I recommend a 2.5-5% dilution. If working with children between 2-5 years of age, dilution could be 1-2%.

Shelf life:

A salve will last for approximately 12 months or more. I recommend using it within 6 months to enjoy its vitality.

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INGREDIENTS OF SALVES

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How to formulate a salve

This is for approximately 52-59 grams of salve (inclusive of essential oils).
Approximately: 3% EO, 85% carrier oils, and just under 12% beeswax

This formulation makes: 2 – ½ glass jars + 1 – ½ ounce tin OR 4 – ½ ounce tins + 1 – ¼ ounce tin

My intention/goal: To create a bug bite salve
My focus: Physical
My approach: System affinities/Therapeutic actions

1. Select 3-5 essential oils to work with based upon client consultation and goals of treatment or product. Core/Enhance/Harmonize

2. Select carrier oil or oils (includes herbal oils)

3. Beeswax: ¼ ounce (7.09gm)

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Steps to make salve:

1. Measure and weigh carrier oils in a glass beaker.
2. Weigh essential oils together in a small glass beaker (5ml). Be sure to TARE between each essential oil.
3. Weigh beeswax using a small bowl.
4. Fill the bottom pot of the double boiler with 1/4 of the water. Place the top pan on. Place the double boiler on medium heat and heat the water just below boiling.
5. Add in wax and let it slightly melt before adding carrier oils.
6. Add in carrier oils and stir ingredients together until well combined.
7. Once the wax and carrier oils are melted, remove them from the heat. This is when you should add heat-sensitive carrier oils (e.g., Rosehip seed oil and other polyunsaturated carrier oils).

NOTE: Test the consistency of a salve before blending with other essential oils by placing a spoonful of the salve in the refrigerator. Allow the salve to harden. If the salve comes out to hard or thick, you can melt the mixture down again and add more oil. If the salve is too fluid or thin, you can melt it down and mix in some more beeswax.

8. Add in essential oils. Using a metal or glass stirring rod, stir essential oils quickly into the salve mixture.
9. Pour salve into jars or tins. *If, while pouring, the salve begins to harden again, simply place the pot back onto the hot pot (you can turn the heat back on if needed).
10. Place cap on jars or tins.
11. Allow to salve to harden.
12. Check the salve to make sure you like the texture and that the aroma is of the desired strength based on the goals of the salve.
13. Create labels for your salves and include the full list of ingredients. If using tins, you can put the ingredients on the bottom and the name of the product on the top.
14. Once salves are labeled, they are ready to use!

 

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Sample Recipes

All Heal Salve Recipe

3% dilution of essential oils

• ½ ounce (7.08gm) beeswax (shaved or cut into small pieces)
• 1 Tbsp. Plantain herbal oil
• 1 Tbsp. Chickweed herbal oil
• 1 Tbsp. Comfrey leaf or root herbal oil
• 1 Tbsp. Calendula herbal oil
• 12 drops Helichrysum essential oil or Cape chamomile essential oil
• 15 drops Frankincense or Roman chamomile essential oil
• 30 drops Lavender essential oil

Botanical Perfume Salve Recipe

• ½ ounce weight (7.08gm) beeswax (shaved or cut into small pieces)
• 4 Tbsp. jojoba or argan carrier oil
• 15 drops Ylang ylang essential oil
• 27 drops Mandarin essential oil
• 15 drops Patchouli essential oil

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Watch: How to make a salve with Jade Shutes

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