Foundations of Essential Oil Therapy

Lesson 5b: Aromatherapy for the Cardiovascular System

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Circulatory System

Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Astringent: a substance that causes cells to shrink; contracts, tightens, and binds tissues	Geranium, Lemon, Patchouli
Anti-inflammatory: a substance that soothes and reduces inflammations	Roman chamomile, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Lavender, Patchouli
Circulatory Stimulant: a substance that enhances or increases blood circulation	Eucalyptus, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lemon, Lemongrass, Pine, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole
Detoxifier: a substance that enhances the removal of toxic substances from the body	Cypress, Fennel, Grapefruit, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lemon, Pine
Hypotensive: a substance that lowers blood pressure	Lavender, Ylang ylang
Nervine: a substance that relaxes the nervous system and can reduce nervous disorders	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Frankincense, Lavender, Mandarin, Pine, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

► Raynaud’s Syndrome

Raynaud’s Syndrome is defined by episodes of vasospasm of the arterioles, usually the fingers and toes. The blood vessels in the extremities experience a spasm of smooth muscle tissue making the skin appear white to blue. Horrigan (2005) says “regular, gentle massages in a warm environment with warmed oils are so beneficial as to be almost essential as part of the care protocol”.¹

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce spasm
Enhance circulation
Provide warmth

Essential Oils: Clary sage, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Lemon, Lemongrass, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or ct. cineol

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage 2.5 – 5% dilution
Hydrotherapy (temperature based on client needs)
Cream/lotion

Sample Aromatic Program

Warming and stimulating to circulation

1 ounce unscented cream
12 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
5 drops Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)

► Varicose veins

Varicose veins are distended or dilated veins commonly found in the legs. They are caused by the impaired function of the venous valves.² Massage is locally contraindicated for extreme varicose veins and anywhere distal to them. Mild varicose veins contraindicate deep, specific work, but are otherwise safe for massage.³

Therapeutic Goals:

Enhance circulation
Prevent varicose veins from getting worse
Reduce pain

Essential Oils: Cedarwood, German Chamomile, Cypress, Frankincense, Geranium, Helichrysum, Lavender, Lemon, Lemongrass, Patchouli, Peppermint, Sandalwood, Vetiver

Aromatherapy Applications:

Gel
Light massage for mild varicose veins
Compress: cold/warm

Sample Aromatic Program

Preventative and treatment of varicose veins

1 ounce unscented cream, gel or lotion
10 drops Lemon (Citrus limon)
7 drops Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens ssp. roseum)
5 drops Patchouli (Pogostemom cablin)

► Bruises

A bruise is a mark on your skin caused by blood trapped under the surface. It happens when an injury crushes small blood vessels but does not break the skin. Those vessels break open and leak blood under the skin.

Bruises are often painful and swollen. You can get skin, muscle and bone bruises. Bone bruises are the most serious.

It can take months for a bruise to fade, but most last about two weeks. They start off a reddish color, and then turn bluish-purple and greenish-yellow before returning to normal. To reduce bruising, ice the injured area and elevate it above your heart. See your healthcare provider if you seem to bruise for no reason, or if the bruise appears to be infected.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce inflammation and pain
Support healing of tissue

Essential Oils: Roman or German Chamomile, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Lavender

Aromatherapy Applications:

Direct application (when the bruise occurs)
Massage oil (with 50% Arnica herbal oil and 50% other base oil)
Gel

Sample Aromatic Program

Bruise Heal Gel

1 ounce aloe vera gel
1 tbsp Lavender hydrosol
5 drops Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)
7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
5 drops German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)

Lesson 4b: Aromatherapy and the Female Reproductive System

Common Women’s Health Conditions

Watch: Aromatherapy and Women’s Health with Ildiko Berecz

“To reach the individual we need an individual remedy. Each of us is a unique message and only the unique remedy shall suffice. We must, therefore, seek odoriferous substances which present affinities with the human being we intend to treat.”
– Margeurite Maury

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Reproductive System

Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Analgesic: a substance that relieves or reduces pain	Eucalyptus globulus, Ginger, Laurel, Lemongrass, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor and cineole
Antidepressant: a substance that relieves depression	Bergamot, Clary sage, Mandarin, Patchouli, Pine, Sweet orange, Ylang ylang
Antispasmodic: a substance that relieves smooth/skeletal muscle spasms	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Peppermint
Aphrodisiac: a substance that increases sexual stimulation and excitement	Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Ylang ylang
Hormonal Balancer: a substance that helps balance the endocrine system	Clary sage, Fennel, Geranium, Rose
Nervine: a substance that relaxes the nervous system and can reduce nervous disorders	Bergamot, Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Frankincense, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet orange, Vetiver, Ylang ylang
Sedative: a substance that has a calming effect, relieving anxiety, tension, insomnia	Roman chamomile, Lavender

► Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea is the technical term for menstrual pain that is severe enough to interfere with and limit the activities of women of childbearing age. It has been positively associated with stress as well as family history.

Therapeutic goals:

Reduce pain
Soothe emotions
Reduce stress
Balance hormones

Essential oils:
Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Frankincense, Geranium, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet Orange, Patchouli, Peppermint, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage 2.5 -5% dilution
Compress
Hydrotherapy

Sample Aromatic Program

Pain relief

1 ounce aloe vera gelly OR aloe vera gel OR jojoba oil
10 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
7 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
3 drops Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides)
5 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)

► Amenorrhea

Amenorrhea is a condition in which there is an absence or cessation of menstruation. Stress is one of the most common causes of amenorrhea. Other causes may include: a disorder of the hypothalamus, pituitary or thyroid gland deficiency, stress, excessive exercise, deficiency of ovarian hormone, anorexia nervosa and removal of the womb or ovaries.

Therapeutic goals:

Reduce stress, soothe emotions
Balance hormones
Address individual emotional issues which are either causing or a cause of

Essential oils:
Bergamot, Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Geranium, Jasmine, Lavender, Sweet Orange, Patchouli, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage 2.5 -5% dilution
Inhalations/Diffusion
Hydrotherapy

Sample Aromatic Program

Amenorrhea synergy

Combine in empty bottle and use in diffusor or nebulizer.

40 drops Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)
25 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
15 drops Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)
20 drops Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

► Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

PMS is a multi-faceted disorder which women all over the world suffer. Symptoms can include: swelling of breasts, water retention, bloating, aches and pains, nervousness, irritability, emotional disturbances, headaches, depression, fatigue, tension, anxiety, loss of concentration, etc. The symptoms experienced vary so much from individual to individual that it is very important to have a clear understanding of each case presented.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce water retention and bloating
Relieve cramping
Balance hormones
Reduce stress and/or anxiety

Essential Oils:
Bergamot, Cardamom, Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Frankincense, Geranium, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet Orange, Patchouli, Peppermint, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage 2.5 -5% dilution
Compress
Hydrotherapy

Sample Aromatic Program

PMS General

5 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
7 drops Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)
7 drops Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)
7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

Massage oil for cramps/painful menstruation

1 ounce organic jojoba or sesame
8 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
6 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
5 drops Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

*Rub blend on abdominal area as needed.

► Prenatal and Postpartum

Pregnancy and childbirth are major landmarks in a woman’s life. There are many physical, psychological, and spiritual changes that take place, affecting not only a woman’s body shape and size but also her hormone levels, which can affect skin texture and tone, digestion, circulation, and emotional states. Even in the most positive of situations, we know that change often creates stress, and stress can contribute to psychological and physical unease. Discomforts of pregnancy are vast and varied, with different concerns arising at different times throughout the process.

According to Buckle (2003), “aromatherapy can be helpful for many symptoms of pregnancy including general tiredness, aches and pains, nausea, insomnia, and backache”. Whether it be pre-conception, early, mid, or late pregnancy, labor, delivery, or postpartum, there are certain essential oils generally considered safer than others, those to be avoided, and those to be selected for more specific complaints (Section on Safety in Module One).

As a general rule, you may want to avoid using essential oils (with perhaps the exception of lavender) as well as some forms of bodywork and energy modalities until the pregnancy is well established, usually by the twelfth week. All essential oils should be used with care, consideration, and moderation during pregnancy. Remember that every woman and every pregnancy is different. If there is a questionable health history or cause for concern, always opt for safety and stick to the more gentle oils, refer to a well-trained aromatherapist, or just wait until after the birth to resume using essential oils with your client.

Therapeutic Dilution:
For pregnant and lactating women we generally recommend a 2% dilution (9-10 drops per ounce of carrier) or 3-7 drops essential oil in baths or 4 drops per quart of water for warm or cool compress.

Aromatic application ideas:

Lotions, oils, or gels for massaging sore or fatigued muscles.
Aloe gel for light massage on cramping or “tired” legs and varicose veins.
Diffuser, nebulizer, cotton pads, or aromatic spritzers can be used to ease nausea, anxiety, depression, and slow/difficult labor.
Moisturizing cream or rich massage oil to replenish and restore elasticity to dry, overstretched skin.
Reflexology combined with essential oils to enhance digestion, support labor, or simply to soothe aching and tired feet.
Postpartum sitz baths to ease discomfort and help facilitate healing of tears or episiotomy.
Warm compress or light massage oil for sore or engorged breasts.
Refreshing cool compress and/or unique massage blends specific to supporting the process of labor and delivery.

Precautions and special considerations

Use only the more gentle essential oils throughout pregnancy, and avoid oils that may directly affect uterine contractions until it’s time for the delivery. As mentioned previously, it is best to wait until the pregnancy is well established before implementing prenatal blends. Be aware that due to an increase in odor sensitivity during pregnancy, some aromas may induce nausea or elicit strong emotions/reactions, even at low dilutions.

When it comes to incorporating aromatherapy, keep your dilutions light, and remember the primary goal when working with prenatal and postpartum moms is to simply provide comfort, unconditional support, rest, relaxation, and relief from the basic discomforts that accompany this life transition.

Sample Aromatic Treatments

Gentle Massage Oil 1 oz / 2% dilution

Tangerine 5 drops
Lavender 5 drops
Base Oils: Calendula 10%, Apricot kernel 70%, Jojoba 20%

Hydrosol Spritzer

2oz bottle
3rd trimester & labor

50% Rose hydrosol
50% Roman chamomile hydrosol

Spritz room just before beginning massage or chill and use to refresh during labor.

Back Pain Blend

1oz/ 2% dilution

Lavender 7 drops
Roman chamomile 3 drops

Anxiety and Depression Blend

1oz/ 2% dilution

Patchouli 3 drops
Mandarin 5 drops
Clary sage 4 drops
Base Oils: Calendula 10%, Apricot kernel 70%, Jojoba 20%

Lesson 3b: Aromatherapy & The Musculoskeletal System

MUSCULAR SKELETAL SYSTEM

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Musculoskeletal System

Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Analgesic: a substance that relieves or reduces pain	Eucalyptus globulus, Ginger, Laurel, Lemongrass, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor and cineole
Anti-inflammatory: a substance that soothes and reduces inflammations	Roman chamomile, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Lavender, Patchouli, Palo santo
Anti-rheumatic: a substance that helps to relieve the symptoms of rheumatism	Roman chamomile, Laurel, Lemon, Rosemary ct. camphor, Vetiver
Antispasmodic: a substance that relieves smooth/skeletal muscle spasms	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Lavender, Peppermint
Detoxifier: a substance that enhances the removal of toxic substances from the body	Fennel, Grapefruit, Juniper berry, Lemon
Nervine: a substance that relaxes the nervous system and can reduce nervous disorders	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Frankincense,Lavender, Mandarin, Vetiver, Ylang ylang
Rubefacient: a substance that increases cutaneous blood flow to a local area; causes reddening and warming of the skin	Ginger, Lemongrass, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tulsi

How to make a pain relieving gel

► Fibromyalgia

The Fibromyalgia Network (n/d) defines Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) as a widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue disorder for which the cause is still unknown. Fibromyalgia means pain in the muscles, ligaments, and tendons of the soft fibrous tissues in the body. Common symptoms of FMS include: chronic pain, fatigue, stiffness, sleeping disorders, headaches, restless leg syndrome, anxiety, and depression. Aromatherapy and essential oils can be used to reduce stress levels, stiffness, fatigue, and pain resulting in overall improvement in the client’s condition.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain
Reduce stress and/or anxiety
Improve quality of sleep
Address emotional issues which are either causing or a reaction to condition.

Essential Oils:
Bergamot, German Chamomile, Roman Chamomile, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Mandarin, Peppermint, Rosemary, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage blend with 2.5 – 5% dilution
Epsom/sea salt bath
Hydrotherapy
Diffusion (for emotional aspects)
Personal inhaler
Gel

Sample Aromatic Remedy

Pain Relief Massage Oil – 5% dilution

5 drops Basil ct. methyl chavicol (Ocimum basilicum)
5 drops Copaiba (Copaifera officinalis)
10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
5 drops Sweet Marjoram (Origanum marjorana)
5 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
1 ounce Sesame oil or 50% St Johns wort herbal oil and 50% sesame

Soothing Personal Inhaler

7 drops Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
5 drops Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
10 drops Sweet Marjoram (Origanum marjorana)

► Spasms or Cramps

Spasms and cramps are both the involuntary contraction of a muscle. The main difference between the two is that spasms tend to be longer lasting but of a lower grade than cramps which tend to be of short duration yet acute. Massage is indicated for spasms and sub-acute cramps.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and spasm
Enhance detoxification

Essential Oils:
Basil ct. methyl chavicol, Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Cypress, Eucalyptus globulus or E. radiata, Fennel, Geranium, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage blend, 5% dilution
Gel
Compress

Sample Aromatic Remedy

1ounce Jojoba or Sesame oil

5 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
5 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
4 drops Lemon (Citrus limon)

► Plantar fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is the pain and inflammation caused by injury to the plantar fascia of the foot. Massage is indicated and can help release tension in deep calf muscles that put strain on the plantar fascia. As an aromatherapist, consider creating an aromatic massage, cream, lotion or salve that the individual can apply at home, or if you are a massage therapist, you can apply as a localized treatment.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Improve the thixotropic state or pliability of fascia
Address emotional states which are either causing or a reaction to condition

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Eucalyptus, Helichrysum, Lavender, Laurel, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or ct. cineol

Aromatherapy Applications:

Epsom salt foot bath
Massage oil or cream – 5% dilution
Hydrotherapy
Reflexology
Myofascial release

Sample Aromatic Treatment:

1 ounce sesame or jojoba oil

10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
5 drops Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
4 drops Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis)

► Sciatica

Sciatica is a term used to describe any situation that causes the sciatic nerve to become irritated and inflamed, resulting in pain, numbness, or reduced sensation from the buttocks down to the legs.¹ Massage is indicated for sciatica brought about by muscular or ligamentous forces.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Relax muscles which may be chronically contracted; causing nerve impingement
Soothe individual from emotions which may arise from coping with pain

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Juniper, Laurel, Lavender, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil, 5-10% dilution for localized application
Gel or massage oil, with Arnica and St. Johns Wort infusions (20% dilution) plus 5-10% e/o dilution

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Pain Relief Blend for Sciatica

2 ounces of Aloe vera gelly
2 tbsp. Lavender hydrosol
1 tbsp. German chamomile hydrosol
1 tbsp. St. Johns Wort herbal oil
10 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
5 drops Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
7 drops Lavender or Rosemary (L. angustifolia or Rosmarinus officinalis ct. cineole or camphor)

Mix together and store in glass jar. Massage into lower back and legs as needed.

► Sprains, strains

Sprains are tears to the ligaments which can cause pain, redness, heat, swelling, and loss of joint function in the acute stage. In the subacute stage of sprains these symptoms are reduced although pain will be present at all stages. Sprains are considered to be more serious than strains or tendinitis. Strains, on the other hand, are injured muscles resulting in pain, stiffness, and occasionally palpable heat and swelling are present.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Reduce edema
Maintain local circulation
Soothe emotions
Increase range of motion (strains)

Essential Oils:
Cardamom, German Chamomile, Roman Chamomile, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Grapefruit, Helichrysum, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Lemongrass, Peppermint, **Arnica and St Johns Wort herbal infusion

Aromatherapy Applications:

Compress
Massage oil 5-20% dilution

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Sprains

1 ounce of 25% St Johns Wort, 25% Arnica herbal oil and 50% Sesame oil or jojoba
30 drops Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
65 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
20 drops Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)

► Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or Tendenitis

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is irritation of the median nerve in the wrist, which can be caused by edema or repetitive movements. CTS can cause pain, tingling, numbness and weakness in part of the hand.² Horrigan (2004) reports that aromatherapy can help reduce compression by passive exercises and massage with essential oils aimed at fluid reduction.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain
Reduce edema
Support range of motion
Address emotional states which are either causing or a reaction to condition

Essential Oils:
Cardamom, Clary sage, Clove bud, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Geranium, Helichrysum, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or ct. cineole

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil, 5-10% dilution
Gel or cream
Hand/wrist baths
Sample Aromatic Treatment

CTS massage oil

1 ounce jojoba or a combination of jojoba and sunflower oil
5 drops Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)
7 drops Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

► Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory, destructive, chronic, auto-immune disease of multiple joints and connective tissue throughout the body. It often starts in the hands and wrists. The condition causes the affected joints to be hot, puffy, and swollen and range of motion is reduced due to pain and stiffness.³

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Reduce stress
Maintain and/or increase mobility
Address emotional states which are either causing or a reaction to condition.

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Frankincense, Ginger, Grapefruit, Helichrysum, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct camphor, Vetiver

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil, 5-10% dilution
Gel
Hydrotherapy

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Reduce inflammation

2 ounces Aloe vera gelly base
2 tbsp. Lavender hydrosol
1 tbsp. Roman or German chamomile hydrosol
10 drops Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
7 drops Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)
10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
3 drops Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides)

Mix together and apply to affected areas as needed for pain and inflammation.

► Temporomandibular Joint Disorder

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) refers to a multitude of problems in and around the jaw resulting from constant strain, stress, and malocclusion of the jaw. Symptoms of TMJ include head, neck, and shoulder pain, ear pain, mouth pain, clicking or locking in the jaw, and loss of range of motion in the jaw.⁴ Massage is recommended for TMJ.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Reduce stress
Maintain and/or increase range of motion
Address emotional states that are either causing the condition or are a reaction to it

Essential Oils:
Bergamot, Birch, Black pepper, German chamomile, Roman chamomile, Clove bud, Eucalyptus, Frankincense, Ginger, Helichrysum, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Mandarin, Neroli, Peppermint, Rose, Rosemary ct camphor, Spearmint, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil with 5 to 10 percent dilution
Gel or cream
Compress

Pain Relief Blend

20-30% dilution essential oils in 25% St Johns Wort, 75% Sesame oil
1oz oil: 180 drops (30%)

65 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
30 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
65 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
20 drops Laurel (Laurus nobilis)

Lesson 2b: Aromatherapy & the Digestive System

Watch About Aromatherapy and the Digestive System with Jade Shutes

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Note: Click on image to enlarge.

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Digestive System

Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Analgesic: a substance that relieves or reduces pain	Eucalyptus globulus, Ginger, Lemongrass, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor and cineole
Anti-emetic: a substance the relieves nausea	Ginger, Peppermint
Antispasmodic: a substance that relieves smooth/skeletal muscle spasms	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Lavender, Peppermint
Carminative: a substance that relieves flatulence or excess gas in stomach	Fennel, Ginger, Peppermint, Tulsi
Detoxifier: a substance that enhances the removal of toxic substances from the body	Fennel, Grapefruit, Lemon
Digestive: a substance that aids digestion, serves as a tonic to digestive system	Fennel, Ginger, Grapefruit, Lemon, Peppermint
Nervine: a substance that relaxes the nervous system and can reduce nervous disorders	Bergamot, Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Frankincense, Lavender, Mandarin, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Common Ailments of the Digestive System

► Constipation

Constipation is the slow, difficult or infrequent movement of feces through the bowel. The causes of constipation are numerous and range from lifestyle factors such as poor diet, stress and postural imbalances to physiological factors such as medication side-effects, gastrointestinal conditions and poor muscle control.⁴

Additional reading: Constipation according to Ayurveda

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce stress
Support and enhance elimination

Essential Oils:
Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Grapefruit, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet orange, Peppermint

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage 5% dilution
Abdominal compress
Reflexology
Full body or foot baths with Fennel or Ginger e/o

Sample Aromatic Program

Enkindle the digestive fire: massage oil

1 ounce sesame oil
14 drops Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
10 drops Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
7 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Combine and apply on the reflex zones for digestion on the feet and abdominal massage along the colon.

► Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a common condition of the digestive system often attributed to prolonged anxiety or stress related states. It can also be brought on by food intolerances (e.g. wheat, coffee, fruits, and dairy products) and/or sugar lactose intolerance. The individual may experience extended periods of constipation and/or diarrhea (also known as spastic colon type of IBS or painless diarrhea) often accompanied by abdominal pain. Other symptoms include: bloating, flatulence, headaches.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce stress
Reduce spasms and gas pains
Stimulate peristalsis movement, if needed
Aid elimination
Address emotional issues which are either causing or a cause of

Essential Oils:
Bergamot, Cardamom, Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Grapefruit, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet Orange, Peppermint and any of the nervine essential oils.

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage 5% dilution
Abdominal compress

Sample Aromatic Program

IBS Stress Relief / antispasmodic Blend

1 ounce sesame or jojoba or other vegetable oil
10 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
7 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
10 drops Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

► Nausea or Upset stomach

Generally not a disease or condition in itself, but a common symptom of something else such as motion sickness, influenza, pregnancy or poor digestion. Nausea is the sensation of having an urge to vomit. Vomiting is forcing the contents of the stomach up through the esophagus and out of the mouth.

Additional reading:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm

Therapeutic goals:

Relieve nausea
Address emotional issues which are either causing or a cause of

Essential oils: Fennel, Ginger, Peppermint

Aromatherapy applications:

Inhalation
Abdominal Massage, 5% dilution
Abdominal compress

Sample Aromatic Program

Inhaler for Nausea

With a blank inhaler tube, dip the cotton in 15-20 drops of either peppermint or ginger. Inhale as needed to reduce/relieve nausea.

► Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are painful, swollen veins in the lower portion of the rectum or anus. Hemorrhoids are very common, especially during pregnancy and after childbirth. They result from increased pressure in the veins of the anus. The pressure causes the veins to swell, making them painful, particularly when you are sitting. Perhaps the most common cause is straining during bowel movements. Other causes include: constipation, sitting for long periods of time, rectal infections, and certain diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver.

Hemorrhoids can be internal or external. Internal hemorrhoids occur just inside the anus and as the beginning of the rectum. Externally hemorrhoids appear on the anal opening and may hang outside the anus.

Symptoms of hemorrhoids include: rectal itching, pain during bowel movements, bright red blood on toilet tissue or in stool, one or more hard tender lumps near the anus, and rectal pain or ache while sitting.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce inflammation
Prevent varicose veins from getting worse
Support healing of tissue
Reduce pain

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Cypress, Frankincense, Geranium, Helichrysum, Lavender, Patchouli, Tea tree

Aromatherapy Applications:

Sitz baths
Warm full body baths
Gel

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Cool Sitz bath

3 drops Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
1 drops Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)
1 drops Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
3 drops Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens)

Sit in bath (with enough water to cover bottom) for 5-10 minutes, 3 times a day. Can also make a spritzer or gel with the same essential oils to apply to rectal area.

► Excess gas, bloating

Gas is a normal byproduct of the foods we eat. As the digestive system breaks food down, it produces gas, which is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and methane. Usually, we eliminate gas through the mouth (burping) or through the anus (flatulence). We typically pass gas around 20 times a day. Gas is an ordinary occurrence, but its presence can be painful and socially embarrassing.

Therapeutic goals:

Stimulate digestive system
Relieve gas

Essential oils: Cardamom, Fennel, Ginger, Peppermint

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage oil 10-20%
Abdominal undiluted application

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Abdominal undiluted application: Place 7 drops into the palm and rub along large intestinal tract on abdomen. Can also place drops along large intestine and small intestine reflex points on the feet.

Lesson 1b: Aromatherapy & the Respiratory System

“Breathing is one of the most important ways for the body to eliminate waste products. Only 3 percent of the body’s total waste products are eliminated through the feces, 7 per cent through the urine and 20 percent through the skin. The remaining 70 percent of the body’s waste products are eliminated through exhalation.”¹

Watch About Aromatherapy and the Respiratory System with Jade Shutes

ACTIONS OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Respiratory System
Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Anti-inflammatory: a substance that soothes and reduces inflammations	Roman chamomile, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Lavender, Patchouli
Antimicrobial: a substance that destroys or resists pathogenic microorganisms	Cypress, Roman chamomile, Eucalyptus, Laurel, Lemon, Lemongrass, Pine, Tea tree
Antispasmodic: a substance that relieves smooth/skeletal muscle spasms	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Lavender, Peppermint
Antitussive: a substance that helps to relieve coughs	Cypress, Eucalyptus, Frankincense, Peppermint
Balsamic: a substance that soothes the lungs	Frankincense, Sandalwood
Decongestant: a substance that reduces or relieves nasal congestion	Eucalyptus globulus, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. cineole or camphor **For children under the age of 4: consider Rosalina
Expectorant: a substance that aids the removal of phlegm or mucus	Eucalyptus species, Laurel, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. cineole or camphor, Tea tree **For children under the age of 4: consider Rosalina
Febrifuge: a substance that reduces or prevents fever; cools body temperature	Cypress, Eucalyptus, Roman chamomile Great to use hydrosols in a compress to bring down fever. Use German chamomile hydrosol.
Immune Enhancer: a substance that enhances/supports immunity	Frankincense, Laurel, Lemon, Lemongrass, Pine, Tea tree
Mucolytic: a substance that dissolves mucus or breaks down mucus; used to treat chest conditions involving excessive or thickened mucus secretions	Eucalyptus, Helichrysum, Laurel, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole or verbenone
For grief, sadness	Frankincense, Rose geranium, Helichrysum, Lemon, Lemongrass, Mandarin, Sweet orange, Ylang ylang

Common Ailments of the Respiratory System

► Bronchitis

Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs. Bronchitis may be short-lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that it lasts a long time and often recurs. Acute bronchitis generally follows a viral respiratory infection. At first, it affects the nose, sinuses, and throat and then spreads to the lungs. Sometimes, an individual may get another (secondary) bacterial infection in the airways.This means that bacteria infect the airways, in addition to the virus.

Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition. People have a cough that produces excessive mucus. To be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, an individual must have a cough with mucus most days of the month for at least 3 months. Chronic bronchitis is one type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD for short. Emphysema is another type of COPD.

The following can make bronchitis worse: air pollution, allergies, certain occupations (such as coal mining, textile manufacturing, or grain handling), and infections. Individuals such as the elderly, infants, young children and people with heart or lung disease as well as smokers are at a higher risk for developing bronchitis.

Symptoms: The symptoms of either type of bronchitis may include: Chest discomfort, cough that produces mucus; if it’s yellow-green, the individual is more likely to have a bacterial infection, fatigue, fever — usually low, shortness of breath worsened by exertion or mild activity and wheezing.

Even after acute bronchitis has cleared, an individual may have a dry, nagging cough that lingers for several weeks.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce bronchial inflammation
Enhance immune system
Aid elimination of excess mucous (expectorate)
Support health of respiratory system
Encourage relaxation

Essential Oils:
Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Frankincense, Ginger, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tea Tree

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil 10-20% dilution (for chest and back)
Salve
Hydrotherapy: Hot sea salt baths with 4-6 cups of sea salt. No essential oils.
Steam inhalation
Diffusion
Inhaler (either inhaler tube or salt in bottle with essential oils)
Direct palm inhalation

Sample Aromatic Program

Steam Inhalation for Bronchitis

Bring 4 cups of water to a boil
Remove from hot stove and place on towel
Add: 4 drops Eucalyptus globulus, 3 drops Citrus limon, and 4 drops Melaleuca alternifolia.
Place towel over head and lean into the steam (not too close and be sure to keep the eyes closed!)
Breathe in vapors through the nose, exhale through the mouth.

• Follow up by putting on Respiratory salve covered under Colds.

• Also, taking hot sea salt baths can be very effective at alleviating muscle aches and pains associated with coughing or general congestion. Recommend 4-6 cups sea salt in hot bath. After bathing for 10-15 minutes, dry off and rest in bed for 2 hours. Be sure to drink lots of water or herbal teas afterwards (to stay hydrated).

► Common Cold

The common cold is an upper respiratory infection caused by any one of hundreds of possible viruses. Colds are seldom dangerous unless they complicate into other more serious conditions.³ We’re all aware of the usual symptoms, stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat, maybe a headache.

Therapeutic Goals:

Enhance immune system
Aid elimination of excess mucus
Support health of respiratory system
Encourage rest and relaxation
Relieve muscular aches and pains

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Frankincense, Ginger, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tea Tree

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage 5-10% dilution
Epsom or sea salt bath
Salve
Reflexology
Hydrotherapy
Steam inhalation

Respiratory Salve

This is my all time favorite winter time remedy to have on hand. It is useful to apply to chest, neck, and back as well as to the bottom of the feet.

To make salve, please see here: https://aromaticstudies.com/make-aromatic-salve-art-of-formulation/

Watch: How to make our Famous Respiratory Salve!

► Sinusitis

Sinusitis refers to inflammation of the sinuses that occurs with a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. The sinuses are air-filled spaces in the skull (behind the forehead, nasal bones, cheeks, and eyes) that are lined with mucus membranes. Healthy sinuses contain no bacteria or other germs. Usually, mucus is able to drain out and air is able to circulate.

When the sinus openings become blocked or too much mucus builds up, bacteria and other germs can grow more easily.

Sinusitis can be:

Acute — symptoms last up to 4 weeks
Sub-acute — symptoms last 4 – 12 weeks
Chronic — symptoms last 3 months or longer

Acute sinusitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection in the sinuses that results from an upper respiratory tract infection. Chronic sinusitis refers to long-term swelling and inflammation of the sinuses that may be caused by bacteria or a fungus.

Symptoms:
The classic symptoms of acute sinusitis in adults usually follow a cold that does not improve, or one that worsens after 5 – 7 days of symptoms. Symptoms include: Bad breath or loss of smell, Cough, often worse at night, Fatigue and generally not feeling well, Fever, Headache — pressure-like pain, pain behind the eyes, toothache, or facial tenderness, Nasal congestion and discharge, and Sore throat and postnasal drip.

Symptoms of chronic sinusitis are the same as those of acute sinusitis, but tend to be milder and last longer than 12 weeks.

Therapeutic Goals:

Enhance immune system
Aid elimination of excess mucus
Support health of respiratory system
Encourage rest and relaxation
Relieve muscular aches and pains

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Frankincense, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tea Tree (**For children under the age of 4: consider Rosalina essential oil).

Aromatherapy Applications:

Neti pot (without essential oils)
Nasya
Salve
Steam inhalation

Sinusitis nasya: Excess mucus present.sinusitis.dry passages
1 drop Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
1 drop Ginger eo (Zingiber officinale)
4 drops Eucalyptus globulus
2 tbsp. Sesame oil

To learn how to perform nasya visit:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZXyde7Dh0Y

► Influenza/Flu

Seasonal influenza, commonly called “the flu,” is caused by influenza viruses, which infect the respiratory tract (i.e., the nose, throat, lungs). Unlike many other viral respiratory infections, such as the common cold, the flu can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications in many people.

The flu usually comes on suddenly. People who have the flu often feel some or all of these symptoms:

Fever* or feeling feverish/chills (not all individuals have fever)
Cough
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Muscle or body aches
Headaches
Fatigue (tiredness)
Vomiting and diarrhea (more common in children)

Flu Complications
Most people who get influenza will recover in a few days to less than two weeks, but some people will develop complications (such as pneumonia) as a result of the flu, some of which can be life-threatening and result in death.

Pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections are three examples of complications from flu. The flu can make chronic health problems worse. For example, people with asthma may experience asthma attacks while they have the flu, and people with chronic congestive heart failure may have worsening of this condition that is triggered by the flu.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce bronchial inflammation
Enhance and support the immune system
Aid elimination of excess mucous
Ease muscular aches and pains
Support health of respiratory system
Encourage relaxation

Essential Oils:
Clary sage, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Frankincense, Ginger, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tea Tree

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage oil 5-20% dilution
Salve
Hydrotherapy
Steam inhalation

Sample Aromatic Program

Diffuse Respiratory/Immune synergy
10 drops Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
10 drops Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus or E. radiata)
10 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

*Place 4-5 drops in water based diffusor or attach bottle of synergy to nebulizer. Diffuse on and off throughout the day.

*Take a salt bath such as that recommended under Bronchitis.

*For all respiratory disorders, following a simple diet, staying hydrated, eating soups, resting, taking warm/hot baths, and in general, taking care of oneself is crucial in the healing process.

Aromatic Program Charts

The following document provides you with a general overview of what creates an aromatic program along with charts to refer to, if needed, while you are doing your case studies.

The Aromatic program (click to download)

Save

Lesson 4: Blending Observations

Watch Blending Observations with Jade

BLENDING OBSERVATIONS

The following are a series of observations about blending. They are listed here to serve as helpful guidance during the blending process.

✮ Blend essential oils first

When creating an aromatherapy massage oil, cream, gel, or other application, it is best to blend the essential oils together first. The essential oils will merge together more quickly this way. If you add each essential oil separately directly into a base product, it will take longer for them to blend together.

✮ Glass: A valuable tool

Whether creating a blend or a synergy, it is most beneficial to combine the essential oils in a glass container first rather than plastic. Plastic seems to alter the aroma and dull the therapeutic synergistic blending of the oils themselves. It is also possible that a small quantity of essential oil is naturally drawn into the plastic and the essential oil may pull some of the plastic constituents into the blend. **This is not the case for PET bottles. So, I recommend avoiding the use of plastic, except PET plastic, for blending essential oils. One can always add the synergy into a base product and then into a plastic bottle for immediate use, when needed or desired. Glass, on the other hand, appears to support the successful integration of the essential oils and should be used as the first vehicle for blending.

✮ Synergy Shake-down

A synergy is a combination of 2 or more essential oils without a carrier. Once you have placed 3 to 5 essential oils inside a glass bottle, it is important to swirl and shake the essential oils around. This can be accomplished by placing the lid securely on the bottle and then gently shaking. This will allow the oils to move around, interact, and merge together. One should shake the bottle for at least 2 to 3 minutes. Once you have done this, open the bottle and see how the synergy is merging together.

Sometimes one of the essential oils is still taking over the aroma; this can mean one of two things: either the synergy needs to be shaken more or more drops of the other essential oils in the synergy need to be added. It is wise, before adding additional drops, to repeat the shaking of the bottle a few more times. This can sometimes have the effect of merging the essential oils more closely together. If after this exercise one of the essential oils is still showing up more than it should, you can add a drop or two of the other essential oils in the synergy. This can often have an immediate balancing effect on the whole blend. (See In Practice below entitled “To Shake or Not To Shake”.)

✮ Synergizing time

If you have ever blended before, you will have noticed how a blend or synergy can change over time. Like all relationships, the interaction of one essential oil with another, as well as the interaction of a large number of chemical constituents, is bound to create an ongoing dialogue as they figure out ways to merge, enhance, or dull the other. Basically, when essential oils are blended together, it takes time for them to merge. Synergizing time takes into account that a blend or synergy will continue to change and evolve over time.

InPractice: To Shake or Not To Shake

There appears to be some differences of opinion within the aromatherapy community as to whether one should shake their blends or not. This appears to be a matter of opinion rather than of scientific fact, so it is truly up to the individual to decide what feels right to them.

Many subtle/energetic aromatherapy practitioners believe that a blend/synergy should be gently rolled in the hand. It should be noted that homeopathic remedies use shaking as an important aspect of potentizing the remedy. According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, “A concept that became ‘potentization,’ which holds that systematically diluting a substance, with vigorous shaking at each step of dilution, makes the remedy more, not less, effective by extracting the vital essence of the substance.” Other aromatherapists believe that a blend should be shaken to ensure the oils have been properly blended together. In the authors’ experience, shaking a blend is most beneficial. Either way appears to be fine as both methods have been employed for years with great success.

Lesson 4: Case Study Example

Case Study Example

Client history and presenting problems:

Sam is a 42 year old, male office worker with some more recent back problems, specifically his mid to lower back. As he has gotten older, he tends to have back pain when he sleeps wrong in bed or completes strenuous activities while lifting or bending. Sam was completing chores around his house that included trimming back shrubs away from his house. His movements included bending over while cutting with shears, tightening his back muscles while trying to cut the thicker branches and bending over to pick up the fallen branches off the ground. Sam is now having a hard time walking, sitting or bending over due to the pain in his mid to lower back. He has taken some aspirin but it doesn’t seem to be helping.

Goal of treatment:

– Reduce back pain
– Reduce muscle inflammation

Care Plan: Muscle Ointment

Latin binomial	Purpose	EO Brand	Drops
Lavandula angustifolia [Lavender]	muscle pain, stiffness	Stillpoint Aromatics (SA)	30
Zingiber officinale [Ginger]	muscle aches, pain	SA	17
Rosmarinus officinalis ct cineole [Rosemary]	muscle relaxant	SA	9
Mentha x piperita [Peppermint]	pain relieving, warming	SA	4
Prunus armeniaca [Almond oil]	carrier oil	SA	1 ounce

It was recommended to Sam to apply the mixture of oils to the area of pain 2x’s a day- once in the morning and once at night.

Client’s Response:

Sam stated that he didn’t feel much different when the oil was massaged into his back, in the area that hurt. He stated that the oil was applied right before going to bed so he wasn’t aware of any changes in pain level before falling asleep.

Subsequent Treatment and follow up:

I followed up with Sam the next day and he stated that he did not use the oil in the morning before going to work, and that he planned on only using the oils at night before bed. Sam stated that his back did feel better, that there was still pain but it had decreased and he also noticed that his range of motion was getting better too.
Day 2 follow up: Sam was still only applying the oils at night, before bed and his back pain is almost gone. He has also noticed that he doesn’t wake up as stiff as he normally does, even when he isn’t injured.

Results:

The results of Sam using the oils were successful in reducing the pain and stiffness that Sam felt as a result of cutting his bushes. His back is feeling better and stated that he missed putting the oils on one night and woke up the next morning feeling an increased stiffness and a small increase in back pain.

Discussion:

My conclusion is that I would replicate the same care plan. I felt that this care plan was successful in helping Sam and obtained the goal of reducing Sam’s back pain.

Lesson 3: Formulating Synergy with Blending Factor

Watch Formulating Synergy with Blending Factor with Jade

Step 7: Formulating Your Synergy: How many drops of each essential oil?

The final step in creating the blend is to decide how many drops of each essential oil to use. This can be accomplished by using the blending factor. The Blending Factor is a concept I learned during my education in aromatherapy at the Raworth Centre of Natural Medicine in England. Over the years, many have found that it is an invaluable tool for creating well-balanced blends. The blending factor can be thought of in terms of an aromatic potency scale and is utilized as a tool for determining the appropriate and specific number of drops for each essential oil within a given blend or synergy.

The blending factor is on a scale of 1 to 10.
1 = Powerful aroma, use less in blend
10 = Tends to be more volatile, lighter aroma, use more in blend

Perceiving blending factor

The following exercise is meant to help support your awareness of what determines an individual essential oil’s blending factor.

Step One: Choose 3 essential oils out of your repertoire of oils.
Step Two: Remove the lids off all three bottles.
Step Three: Using both your hands, hold the bottles together so that all the tops are at the same height.
Step Four: Swirl the bottles under your nose, slowly a number of times. Then pause a moment and repeat. Repeat as needed to gain further insight.
Step Five: Decide which of the three is the most potent (which one seems to be standing out the strongest), and then place this one down on the table. Then with the remaining two bottles repeat Steps 3, 4 and five.

With only three oils, once you have determined the second most potent essential oil, the remaining oil would be considered the least potent. You then have the oils in a line from most potent to less potent which means the first one will have the least number of drops while the third one shall have the most and the 2nd a middle number of drops.

You will have a chance to work on an exercise to help support your application of blending factor at the end of this section.

Setting a Blending factor

If you find that you are using an essential oil for which no blending factor has been given, then you can use the above exercise to figure it out. Often it is best to compare the unknown essential oil to an essential oil from the same botanical family. For instance, the blending factor for Fir (Abies alba) has not been provided. Fir belongs in the same family as Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica), both of which have known blending factors.

Blending factor is flexible: The blending factor provides the beginning blender with a way of figuring out how many drops of each essential oil should go into the blend. The blending factor is by no means written in stone for it is meant to be flexible to the essential oils in your repertoire. This means that we acknowledge that essential oils vary in strength from company to company, from year to year, harvest to harvest, etcetera. So one should feel free to adopt different blending factor numbers based upon comparison with other oils of stable potency such as Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) or Neroli (Citrus aurantium), which would always be on the most potent, a #1 or the citrus oils which are always more volatile and lighter and hence more can be used. (within reason, of course.)

Potency or therapeutic activity: The blending factor is based upon potency of aroma and to a much smaller degree (if at all) therapeutic potency. I would compare blending factors as follows: Roman chamomile has a blending factor of 1 which means it is very ‘potent’ and only a small amount needs to be used for a blend or synergy in relation to other oils being blended. Lavender, on the other hand, has a blending factor of 7 which means a medium or higher percentage of lavender can be used than roman chamomile.

I would also use the concept of blending factor when deciding on how many drops of each essential oil to put in a bath. I would use less of ‘potent’ oils such as Neroli and Roman chamomile (2-3 drops per bath), a medium amount of Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) or Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) (3-5 drops per bath) and a higher number of drops for Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) or Lavender (7-10 drops per bath).

Blending factor in practice
Continuing on with our example for Tendinitis/Stress, we can decide on drops as follows:

Essential oils	Blending factor	Drops
Lavender	7	12
German chamomile	1	3
Sweet Marjoram	3	6
Helichrysum	5	9
Total 5% dilution =		30

There are two ways of figuring out the drops: via mathematical equation or by intuitive observation.

I have never been fond of mathematical equations and essential oils do not always fit into precise calculations so the first number chosen is, in a sense, a bit random whilst at the same time maintaining its relation to the others. In this example, German Chamomile and Sweet Marjoram are the two most potent essential oils while Helichrysum is a little more potent than Lavender. Hence, I chose to work with the most potent oils first by designating 3 drops for German Chamomile and 6 drops for Sweet Marjoram. This added up to 9 drops leaving 21 drops to be divided between the other two oils. I then examined the varying strengths of the Helichrysum and Lavender in my repertoire of essential oils and decided on 9 drops for Helichrysum and 12 drops for Lavender.

The mathematical equation method of figuring out exact drops would be performed as follows:

Essential oils	Blending factor	Drops
Lavender	7
German chamomile	1
Sweet Marjoram	3
Helichrysum	5

First add up the total blending factors: 7 +1+3+5 = 16

Then divide the blending factor number for each essential oil by 16, which would look something like this.

Essential oils	Blending factor	Formula
Lavender	7	7 divided by 16 = .4375
German chamomile	1	1 divided by 16 = .0625
Sweet Marjoram	3	3 divided by 16 = .1875
Helichrysum	5	5 divided by 16 = .3125

You now have the percentage for each essential oil which make up the 30 drops for the 5% dilution. To obtain the actual number of drops you would then multiply the percentage for each essential oil by 30.

Essential Oil	Blending Factor	Equation
Lavender	7	.4375 * 30 = 13 drops
German chamomile	1	.0625 * 30 = 2 drops
Sweet Marjoram	3	.1875 * 30 = 6 drops
Helichrysum	5	.3125 * 30 = 9 drops

The final blend would then look like this:

Essential oils	Blending factor	Drops
Lavender	7	13
German chamomile	1	2
Sweet Marjoram	3	6
Helichrysum	5	9
Total 5% dilution =		30

As you can see, the final results using the mathematical formula are pretty close to what I originally got with the more intuitive approach. A blending factor chart has been provided below.

Blending Factor Chart

Latin Name	Common name	Blending factor
Salvia sclarea	Clary sage	2 - 3
Chamaemelum nobile	Roman chamomile	1 - 2
Cupressus sempervirens	Cypress	5
Eucalyptus globulus	Eucalyptus	1 - 5
Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce	Sweet Fennel	3 - 4
Boswellia carteri	Frankincense	4 - 5
Pelargonium graveolens	Geranium	2 - 3
Zingiber officinale	Ginger	4
Citrus paradisi	Grapefruit	7 - 8
Helichrysum italicum	Helichrysum	3 - 5
Juniperus communis	Juniper berry	4
Laurus nobilis	Bay Laurel	4 - 5
Lavandula officinalis	Lavender	7
Citrus limon	Lemon	6 - 8
Cymbopogon citratus	Lemongrass	1
Citrus reticulata	Mandarin	7
Citrus sinensis	Sweet Orange	7 - 8
Pogostemom patchouli	Patchouli	4
Mentha x piperita	Peppermint	1 - 2
Pinus sylvetris	Pine, Scots	6
Rosmarinus officinalis	Rosemary	3 - 5
Melaleuca alternifolia	Tea tree	3
Vetiveria zizanioides	Vetiver	1
Cananga odorata	Ylang ylang	4

Lesson 2: Developing a Wellness Plan

Watch ‘Developing a Wellness Plan’

DEVELOPING AN AROMATIC WELLNESS PROGRAM

Overview of Steps

Step 1: What is your intention? Your goal?
Step 2: What is your focus for the product you will be formulating? (physical, emotional, or both)
Step 3: What is the best method of application? (See chart on next page)
Step 4: What is your approach for selecting essential oils?
Step 5: Select Core, Enhancer, and Harmonizing essential oils
Step 6: At What Dilution? What is the best dilution based upon goals, method of application, and client age, health concerns, medication, and constitution.
Step 7: Formulate your synergy first. Drops are based upon method of application and dilution rate selected for each product.
Step 8: If blending into base product, formulate base or prepare pre-made base for adding in essential oils.

Based upon method of application, use the appropriate formulation worksheet to design your product.

Step 9: Make your product
Step 10: Label product and provide to client or customer.
Step 11: Follow up with client
Step 12: Reformulate or add additional wellness product.

Keep good notes!

Steps in Formulating Aromatic Product

Step 1: What is your intention? Your goal?

Upon completion of the consultation, the following questions could serve as starting points to creating your intention and goal for the client’s wellness plan.

What appears to be the overall perception of the core problem/issue?
Should I be treating the physical ailment, the mental/ emotional element, or the spiritual/energetic element? How can I combine the three?
If a physical disorder is present, is it chronic or acute? If there is acute pain, is it contraindicated for massage, or could I attempt to treat it symptomatically with one form of treatment?
What is the client’s goal in having this treatment and what is my intention? Does the client have a willingness in the healing process?
Should I consider using flower essences, gem stones, etc.
What information do I feel I have intuitively received?
How can I utilize essential oils to facilitate the healing process?
Which essential oils immediately come to mind for this individual?
Do I need to refer this client for diagnosis or other treatments, e.g., chiropractic?

Step 2: What is your focus for the product you will be formulating?

Three possible focus categories include:

• Physiological Approach
Based upon the consultation, you may decide to blend solely for the physiological condition presented. A physiological approach to blending bases the selection of essential oils upon their therapeutic actions (e.g. expectorant, antispasmodic) and often supported by chemistry (either by family: for example, rich in monoterpenols or component: for example, rich in limonene).

The physiological approach places its emphasis on the therapeutic activity of the blend rather than the aroma (although, that may still be important). If one is blending for a physical ailment, there will certainly be times when the aroma is not necessarily “pleasant,” however it will continue to act effectively on the condition being treated.

Example of a physiologically based synergy:
This is a synergy designed for the treatment of adult chronic bronchitis and lowered immune response.

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus): Expectorant and respiratory stimulant. This activity is supported by its main component: the ether 1,8 cineole syn. eucalyptol.
Rosemary ct. camphor (Rosmarinus officinalis): General expectorant and strong mucolytic activity. This activity is supported by its main components: camphor and 1,8 cineole.
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita): Opens up airways and enhances immune system. This activity is supported by its main components: the alcohol, menthol, and ketone, menthone.
Thyme ct. thymol (Thymus vulgaris): Supports and enhances immune system, mucolytic, moves stagnation. This activity is supported by its main component: the phenol, thymol.

• Emotional/Mental/Spiritual Approach
On the other hand, you may wish to blend solely based upon the emotional/mental/spiritual aspects of the client. When blending for emotional/mental/spiritual purposes, the emphasis is placed on the aroma of the blend and its emotional/subtle therapeutic properties.

Example of an emotional design:
This is a blend designed for an individual who has a high degree of stress, feels ungrounded, is having a difficult time feeling self-worth, and suffers with bouts of anxiety.

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides): to ground and center, reduce anxiety and stress
Frankincense (Boswellia carteri): for all around healing purposes, reduce anxiety and stress
Rose (Rosa x damascena): for self-nurturing and self-love, to calm and soothe

• Holistic (Combination) Approach
Most often an aromatherapy blend is designed to address the whole person and hence includes essential oils for physical, mental/emotional, and spiritual/energetic purposes. For this type of blend, both its therapeutic intent as well as its perceived pleasantness of aroma by the client is important.

Example of a combination design:
This blend is designed for an individual who is currently experiencing tension, tightness, and general discomfort in the neck and shoulders. Underlying this condition is incredible stress due to time pressures at work and financial concerns. The individual is also feeling anxious, tired, and a bit depressed about her ability to remain calm at home given the circumstances at work and with finances.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum): for its analgesic properties as well as its ability to provide strength and courage
Clary sage (Salvia sclarea): antidepressant; for its euphoric and calming abilities; it supports and enhances black pepper and peppermint for the relief of muscular aches and pains; soothes anxiety
Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi): to provide an uplifting element to overall blend; good for stress-related conditions and supports the release of tension/anxiety
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita): to support black pepper as an analgesic; to enhance energy flow to avoid stagnation and fatigue

Step 3: What is the best method of application?

Step 4: What is your approach for selecting essential oils?

Morphology
The Aromatic Palette
System Affinities/Therapeutic Actions
Chemical Family
If blending with base oils, utilize ‘dynamic blending’ philosophy

Step 5: Select Core, Enhancer, and Harmonizing essential oils

The Aromatic Studies Structure for Selecting Essential Oils
Designing Your Synergy (combination of essential oils only, prior to putting in product)

A synergy is the combination of three to five essential oils without a carrier oil or other base product, such as a cream or lotion. Creating an effective synergy requires a deep understanding of one’s repertoire of essential oils, a solid treatment plan based upon the information gained from the consultation, and a blending approach. Designing an effective synergy or combination of essential oils is the first step toward developing the individualized aromatherapy product for your client and/or product line. The following structure may be used in selecting essential oils.

➤ Core essential oil
The core essential oil is chosen based upon your primary purpose/goal and is considered the heart of the synergy. For example, if a client comes in with chronic tendinitis, which is causing great stress due to the pain, then your primary purpose could be the relief of pain and inflammation in the subacute phase of tendinitis. The secondary purpose could be to provide relief from stress.

Let’s say we choose Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) for its ability to reduce pain and inflammation. Lavender is also beneficial for the relief of stress.

➤ Enhancer essential oil
The enhancer essential oil strengthens the core essential oil in its purpose and therapeutic action. For instance, above we have chosen an essential oil for its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties. We could choose German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) for its reputation as one of the best anti-inflammatory agents and for its ability to relieve stress. German chamomile will not only enhance the therapeutic activity of the first essential oil but will also add to its psychological benefits as well.

➤ Harmonizing essential oil
The harmonizing essential oil supports and enhances the vitality and purpose of the overall synergy. The harmonizing essential oil often has a decisive impact on the overall aroma and is chosen for both its aroma and ability to enhance the goals of the synergy.

If you are creating a blend solely for a physical condition, then the essential oil chosen can simply further the goal of the above two essential oils or, if it is possible to address an emotional aspect of the condition, then the harmonizing essential oil can be added for its influence on the emotional state of the individual and hence the aroma of the final blend.

Based upon the primary purpose of the above blend, we could add sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana) to support the analgesic and relaxing/soothing properties of lavender and German chamomile.

➤ Additional essential oils
If it is desired or warranted, you can decide to add one or two additional essential oils. These additions would be either an enhancer or harmonizing essential oil. For instance, continuing on with the client above, you could decide that an additional essential oil would be of benefit for the overall effectiveness of the treatment. Let’s say we add helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum) for its anti-inflammatory and healing properties. The final synergy would be a combination of lavender, German chamomile, sweet marjoram, and helichrysum.

Do they smell good together?

Once the essential oils have been chosen, the next step is to ensure they smell good together. This is always done before blending them together. Remove the caps from all four bottles, place them together in your hands to ensure that all the bottle neck openings are the same height, and then waft the bottles under your nose. Notice if they complement one another, if they smell good together, and if they appear to merge well as a group. If one essential oil seems to not merge very well with the others, you may decide to replace that one with another of similar therapeutic action. Whether blending for emotional/mental/spiritual or physical benefits, the oils should be complementary to one another in action and aroma.

Step 6: At What Dilution?

What is the best dilution based upon goals, method of application, and client age, health concerns, medication, and constitution.

The subject of appropriate dose is probably the most controversial aspect of contemporary Western herbal medicine. This could be said of the practice of aromatherapy as well. The vast majority of traditional aromatherapists adopt a low dilution, between 1 and 3 percent, when blending with essential oils. High dosages and undiluted applications are still considered by many within the aromatherapy industry to be highly controversial, while others believe that these higher dilutions are warranted at certain times and for specific conditions.

Indeed, many research and empirical studies appear to be confirming that sometimes a higher dilution and even an undiluted application is what is called for, particularly if treating a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. And while it would not be prudent to assume one dosage is necessarily worthier or more correct or incorrect than another, it is necessary to understand that dosage decisions are truly based upon the practitioner’s knowledge and experience with applying essential oils as well as available safety knowledge.

As aromatherapy practitioners, you may choose to work with two or three blends with different dilutions.
For instance, you may choose to use a 5 percent dilution for localized treatment of acute muscular aches and pains of the neck and back and a 1 percent dilution for a customized face cream. Indeed, higher dilutions are often meant to be applied to a smaller, more localized area whereas a lower dilution may be utilized for massage oils, lotions, creams, and/or more emotional treatment work. Perhaps in the future, as aromatherapy develops, more defined or coherent guidelines for dosage will arise. For now, dosage decisions must be made within a framework of reasons.

Dilution depend on:

the condition being treated and whether it is in an acute or chronic state
the method of application and the area of the body to be covered
the safety data of essential oils to be used, including established guidelines when applicable
the integrity of the skin
the age of the individual who will be using the blend/synergy
the specific goal of treatment
the knowledge and confidence of the practitioner
the current commonly or generally accepted dilution

General Guidelines for Dermal Application

Essential Oil Dilution Chart
Carrier oil in ounces	.5% dilution	1%	2.5%	3%	5%	10%
½ ounce	1-3 drops	3-5 drops	8-11 drops	9-13 drops	15-23 drops	30-46 drops
1 ounce	3-5 drops	6-9 drops	15-23 drops	18-27 drops	30-45 drops	60-90 drops
2 ounces	6-10 drops	12-18 drops	30-46 drops	36-54 drops	60-90 drops	120-180 drops
4 ounces	12-20 drops	24-36 drops	60-92 drops	72-108 drops	120-180 drops	240-360 drops
**This chart includes the traditional dosage plus changes in drops by Tisserand and Young (2013) which tended to be higher than the traditional dosage as taught by most of us in the world of aromatherapy.

Dilution Rate and Indications
Dilution in %	Purpose and Indications
0	Essential oils should not be used for infants under 6 months of age unless absolutely necessary.
0.25% - 0.5%	Infants 6 months or older, frail or elderly individuals, immune compromised individuals
< 3%	Sensitive and fragile mucus membranes, e.g. nasal or auricular applications. Repairing action on the external layers of the skin
1%	Children 2-5 years old, pregnancy; facial creams
1.5%	Subtle aromatherapy, emotional and energetic work, pregnancy, frail or elderly individuals, facial creams and lotions, exfoliants
Between 2 - 5%	Action on the nervous system, emotional well-being, and response to daily stress. Action on the endocrine system. Holistic aromatherapy, general massage work, general skincare, massage oils, lotions, facial oils, body oils, and body butters.
7%	Action on venous and lymphatic circulation. General strength for most blends. This is a stronger dilution that can be used for treatment massage and localized treatment work, wound healing, body oils and butters, and salves.
10%	Action on the joints, tendons, muscles and inflammation. This is a stronger dilution for muscular aches and pains, trauma injury, treatment massage, acute physical pain, localized treatment work, and salves. skin infection/dermatophytes
20%	Similar indications to 10% or 30%. This is the highest dilution rate recommended for dermacaustic essential oils (essential oils that are rich in phenols and aldehydes)
30%	Powerful local action. Warts, acute trauma to the musculoskeletal system, skin infection/dermatophytes
30 - 50%	For acute treatments with non-aggressive essential oils
Undiluted	For localized frictions. Antispasmodic (e.g. muscles, coughs), expectorant, antimicrobial, warming and acute trauma with non-aggressive essential oils