Foundations of Essential Oil Therapy

Tea tree

Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel

 

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Watch: About Tea Tree with Jade Shutes

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Watch: Aromatic Plant Exploration with Tea Tree & Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Tea tree
Scientific name: Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel
Botanical family: Myrtaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: The genus Melaleuca belongs to the myrtle family (Myrtaceae) and includes about 250 species (including the paperbarks, some of which are cultivated as ornamentals). Most Melaleuca species are restricted to Australia. M. alternifolia bears fluffy, white masses of flowers from spring to early summer, and its narrow leaves help distinguish it from the similar species M. linariifolia, which has wider leaves and flattish-spherical fruits.¹ Melaleuca alternifolia is native to Australia, where it is found from Queensland to north-east New South Wales, at up to 300 m above sea level.

Captain James Cook, the 18th century explorer, is reported to have used tea tree leaves to brew a spicy tea, although the common name ‘tea tree’ has been applied to several plants in the genera Melaleuca and Leptospermum (also in Myrtaceae), so the exact species he used is unknown.²

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Australia, New Zealand
Part of plant used: Leaves
Extraction method: Steam distillation
Essential oil yield: 2.0 – 5.0%
Color of oil: Clear to pale yellow

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

One hundred plus components make up the essential oil of tea tree. Core components include terpinen-4-ol (30-48%), -terpinene (10-28%), and eucalyptol (trace to 15%). Other components include:

Monoterpenes: terpinolene (1.5-5%), a-terpinene (3.09-13%), -terpinene (10-28%), p-cymene (0.5-8%), limonene (0.5-1.5%), sabinene (t-3.5%), a-pinene (1-6%)
Sesquiterpenes: aromadendrene (t-3%), gamma-cadinene (t-3%)
Monoterpenols: terpinen-4-ol (30-48%), a-terpineol (3.31%)
Ethers/oxides: 1,8 cineole (5.2%)^3,4

NOTE: The chemistry of tea tree, in particular its 1,8 cineole and terpinen-4-ol content, has been a subject of great debate, mostly for safety considerations. According to Kerr, the Australian Government has a standard for Tea tree essential oil which states that the 1,8 cineole content should not exceed 15% and the terpinen-4-ol content should be at least 30%.⁵

SAFETY INFORMATION

• No known contraindications or safety concerns.
• Avoid using oxidized tea tree essential oil on the skin or via the oral route. Tea tree has an average shelf life of 1-3 years when stored properly.

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

System	Action
Immune/Lymphatic systems:	anti-allergenic, decongestant (venous and lymphatic), immuno-stimulant
Respiratory system:	expectorant, neurotonic, stimulant
General:	antibacterial (broad spectrum)6, antibiotic, antifungal7,8, anti-infective (broad spectrum), anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial9, antiseptic, antiviral10

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Digestive, Respiratory, Skin, Urinary
(antimicrobial)

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Spicy, warm, balsamic
Blending factor: 3
Notes: Mid, Mid to top
Blends well with: Pine species, black spruce, saro, manuka, ravintsara, blue tansy, rosemary (all chemotypes), eucalyptus (all species), monarda species, green myrtle, spike lavender (L. latifolia), cistus, thyme (all chemotypes), fir, niaouli, lavender

CORE INDICATIONS

• Digestive system: diarrhea, enteritis, intestinal parasites, dental hygiene, gum problems, infections of the mouth, mouth ulcers, oral thrush (C. albicans), esophageal candidiasis, canker sores, dental abscess, hemorrhoids, rectal fissures, gingivitis (O+++, RS+++,
• Lymph and Immune system: lowered or compromised immunity, lymph congestion (C+++, I++, D++, O+++)
• Reproductive system: leucorrhoea, vaginal candidiasis (O+++, VP+++)
• Respiratory system: colds, flu, bronchitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, congestion, coughs, sore throat, tonsillitis, ear infections, bacterial or viral respiratory infections (O+++, I+++, D+++, C+)
• Skin: acne, nail fungus, oily skins, abscesses, boils, cold sores¹¹, cuts, dandruff, herpes simplex¹², insect bites, lice, rashes, shingles, infected wounds, varicose ulcers, athlete’s foot, ringworm, inflamed skin conditions¹³, varicose veins, juvenile acne, acne rosacea, prevention of skin radiation burns, dermal mycoses (fungal infections) (C+++, Fb+++ (for foot fungas))
• Urinary system: cystitis, urethritis, urinary tract infection (O+++)

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RESEARCH

Note: Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) has been extensively researched. Below represents but a small collection of this research.

Human Studies

• Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.
  In this study, twenty-one volunteers were recruited to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil on histamine-induced inflammation. The group was divided into two: twenty-one participants applied 25 µL (microliters) of 100% tea tree oil to the study forearm and six participants applied 25 µL (microliters) of paraffin oil (the control). In the tea tree group, the developing edema to histamine was significantly reduced. The researchers concluded that tea tree exhibits anti-inflammatory activity which may be of benefit in treating hypersensitivities to insect allergens.¹⁴
• Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil is effective for treating dandruff.
  A 5% dilution of tea tree essential oil in shampoo was effective in the treatment of dandruff, potentially related to the yeast Pityrosporum ovale. Tea tree oil exhibited antifungal properties P. ovale and may be useful in the treatment of dandruff.¹⁵
• A 5ml solution consisting of tea tree, grapefruit, and eucalyptus (species not specified) essential oils used to rinse ulcers twice a day is found effective at reducing signs of infection and pus secretion and reducing foul odor association with necrotic ulcers. Some patients have also reported a reduction in pain levels.¹⁶
• Two case studies involving the use of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil via inhalation revealed the potential of tea tree essential oil in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Both patients received a patented tea tree oil (monoterpenes had been removed) in aerosol canisters which they inhaled over a period of 5 – 10 days. For both patients there was a negative for infection after 4-5 days of using tea tree aerosol.¹⁷

Animal Studies

• Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil and terpinen-4-ol effective antifungal against mucosal candiasis.¹⁸
• Inhaled tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity.¹⁹

In Vitro Studies

• Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil and its active component, terpinen-4-ol exhibits anti-viral activity against influenza virus.²⁰
• Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil exhibits effective antifungal activity against Candida albicans infection and may be indicated in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.²¹
• Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil and terpinen-4-ol exhibit anti-proliferative activity against tumor cells.²²
• Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil exhibits anti-candidal activity and inhibition the filamentous form of Candida albicans. Tea tree may be useful in the treatment of oral candidiasis.²³

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Cedarwood syn. Atlas Cedar

Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière.

 

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Watch: About Atlas Cedar with Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Atlas cedar, Moroccan Cedarwood
Scientific name: Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière.
Botanical family:  Pinaceae
Conservation status: ENDANGERED

PLEASE READ ARTICLE BY Kelly Ablard here.

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EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Morocco, Algeria
Part of plant used: Wood
Extraction method: Steam distillation
Essential oil content: not known by author
Color of oil: Yellow or amber-colored to pale orange-brown

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AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Chemical feature: Rich in sesquiterpenes (α-himachelene & β-himachalene) supported by ketones.

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SAFETY INFORMATION

Cautions: Skin sensitization if oxidized. (rich monoterpene content) Avoid old or oxidized essential oils.1
Store in refrigerator or cool area.

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THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Antifungal, antiseptic, astringent, decongestant, expectorant, insect repellant, sedative (nervous), mucolytic, nervine, tonic

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BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Warm woody, balsamic aroma
Blending factor: 7 to 8
Note: Base to mid note
Blends well with: Ylang ylang, Sweet Orange, Juniper berry, Patchouli, Geranium, Grapefruit

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CORE INDICATIONS

• General: mosquito repellent, anti-mites (dust mites) (Sp+++, C++)
• Cardiovascular system: varicose veins (C+++)
• Lymphatic system: sluggish lymph, cellulite, edema (C+++)
• Musculoskeletal system: asthenia (general weakness or lack of strength) (C+++)
• Nervous system: nervous irritability, sadness, feelings of being empty, melancholy (I+++, C+++, D++, Sp++)
• Respiratory system: colds, bronchitis, catarrh, coughs (C++, I+++, D+++)
• Skin: acne and/or oily skin, ulcers, seborrhea of the scalp, cellulite, fungal infections of the skin, hair/scalp tonic, hair loss, moist eczema, parasitic skin infections (lice, scabies, worms), dandruff (C+++)
• Psyche and emotion: calming during times of fear, anxiety, nervous tension, sadness, or nervous stress; provides comfort and warmth and stabilizes energies when out of balance; helpful in meditation, strengthening our connection with the Divine; helps us to cut through “mental catarrh” (I+++, D+++, Sp+++)

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Grapefruit

Citrus x paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.)

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Watch Presentation on Grapefruit with Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Grapefruit, forbidden fruit, smaller shaddock
Scientific name: Citrus x paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.)
Botanical family: Rutaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: Grapefruit is an evergreen hybrid in the Rutaceae family, likely a cross between C. maxima and C. sinensis that originated in Barbados. The tree grows at a moderate rate to 7 meters tall by 7 meters wide. Grapefruit thrives in sandy, loamy, and heavy clay soils, preferring them well-drained. It can grow in highly acidic soils, but does not tolerate shade.

The fruit is eaten and juiced, the peel candied, used in cakes, and as a source of pectin. The essential oil is obtained from the peel, and commonly used as a flavoring in soft drinks, chewing gum, sweets, baked goods, and ice cream.

Ethnobotany: Grapefruit was first described in 1750 by Griffith Hughes who dubbed it the “forbidden fruit” of Barbados. As a relatively new citrus fruit, grapefruit does not have a long history of traditional use, but the flower essence has been used to relieve insomnia, as a stomachic, and cardiac tonic and the pulp is used to treat urinary disorders.

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Israel, USA, South Africa
Part of plant used: Peel/zest of fruit
Essential oil yield: 16.41% (expressed), 0.29-0.37% (distilled)
Extraction method: Expressed or Distilled
Color of oil: light yellow to light orange (expressed), pale to clear (distilled)

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Nineteen unique components make up 95.26% of the essential oil, mostly monoterpenes. Cold pressed and distilled Citrus paradisi essential oil contain similar chemical composition with very slight variations in percentages.

• Cold pressed essential oil: d-limonene (91.83%), β-myrcene (3.06%), and other components less then 1% include: α-pinene, β-ocimene, isopulegol, β-caryophyllene, β-cadinene, nootkatone (0.19%)
• Distilled essential oil: d-limonene (75.07-96.06%), β-myrcene (2.06-7.25%), α-pinene (2.11%), β-phellandrene (1.18%), octanol (1.68%), decanal (1.11%), caryophyllene (1.88%), and other components less then 1% include: y-terpinene, 3-carene and nonane. ,

DID YOU KNOW?

Nootkatone is responsible for the aroma of grapefruit. Traces of nootkatone have also been found in other citrus essential oils including: bergamot, lemon, lime, orange, and tangerine.

SAFETY INFORMATION

• Cautions: Due to the limonene content, it is important that the essential oil be stored properly (e.g., in a dark container in the refrigerator or in a cold room away from sunlight and heat). When limonene oxidizes, essential oils rich in this component can potentially cause dermal sensitization. Oxidized citrus essential oils should not be used in body care products or formulations designed for dermal application. The essential oil can, however, be used for cleaning products.
• Average shelf life for monoterpene-rich essential oils, such as grapefruit, when stored correctly is 1-3 years.
• GRAS status.

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

System	Action
Digestive system	liver detoxification (Phase I and II), hepatoprotective, stimulant (lymphatic and digestive)
Urinary system	diuretic
Nervous/Emotion	antidepressant, anxiolytic9, relaxant, uplifting
General	antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, antioxidant10, antiseptic, antiviral, astringent

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Digestive, Nervous system, Psyche/emotion

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: fresh-citrusy, sweet
Blending factor: 7 – 8
Note: Top note
Blends well with: Juniper berry, cypress, peppermint, other citrus essential oils, Scots pine, jasmine, black pepper, monarda, palmarosa, geranium, sweet fennel, cardamom, rosemary ct. cineole or verbenone, patchouli
Substitutions: Lemon, sweet orange, juniper berry

CORE INDICATIONS

• General: air purifier (D+++, Sp+++)
• Circulatory system: sluggish circulation (supports circulatory stimulants such as juniper berry, rosemary, etc.) (C+++)
• Digestive system: constipation, sluggish digestion, general digestive fatigue, digestion-related migraine (C+++, O+++, I++, D+)
• Lymph/immune systems: sluggish lymph, edema, supportive to detoxification (C+++, O++, I+++)
• Musculoskeletal system: muscular aches and pains, rheumatism, muscle fatigue and/or stiffness (C+++, FB+)
• Nervous system: depression, anxiety, stress, nervous exhaustion (O+++, C+++, I+++, D+++, FB+++)
• Reproductive and Endocrine systems: PMS stress and/or tension (I+++, D+++, C+)
• Skin: astringent, oily /congested skin, cellulite, water retention, hair loss (C+++, O++)
• Psyche/emotion: agitation, depression, irritability, stress-related conditions, anxiety (I+++, D+++, FB++, O+)
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• Ayurveda: reduces excess Kapha congestion mentally, physically and emotionally; provides lightness to the heaviness of Kapha

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RECIPES

Inspiring Diffuser Synergy (stock bottle)

1 – 10 ml amber or blue cobalt bottle with European dropper (orifice reducer)
125 drops Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi)
100 drops Rosemary ct. cineole (Rosmarinus officinalis)
75 drops Black pepper (Piper nigrum)

Calm the mind inhaler

1 Empty inhaler tube plus organic cotton wick or pad
12 drops Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
8 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
6 drops Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)

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Lemongrass

Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf syn. Andropogon citratus DC. ex Nees

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Watch: About Lemongrass with Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Lemongrass, West Indian lemon grass, Citronella, citronella grass
Scientific name: Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf
Synonym: Andropogon citratus DC. ex Nees
Botanical family: Poaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: Cymbopogon citratus is a perennial rhizomatous grass in the Poaceae family native to India and Sri Lanka. Lemongrass is up to two meters tall, with short rhizomes and densely tufted fibrous roots. The leaf sheaths are glabrous and greenish inside, while the leaf blades are glaucous and rough in texture. Once established, lemongrass can spread quickly, with a risk of becoming invasive in disturbed areas. C. Citratus has been introduced and cultivated in Africa, South and Central America, the West Indies, China, and Southeast Asia.

Ethnobotany: Lemongrass has a history of use in food and traditional medicine as a remedy for gastrointestinal ailments, fevers, and hypertension. The leaf is typically prepared as a tea to relieve cough, flu, gingivitis, digestive problems, and stomachache.¹

Lemongrass has been valued for its antispasmodic, hypotensive, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antiemetic, antitussive, antirheumatic, and antiseptic properties.²

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Nepal, West Indies
Part of plant used: Grass
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.25-0.6%
Color of oil: Colorless, light yellow

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Twenty-five+ unique components make up 97.82% of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil. The core components include: neral (33.31%) and geranial (39.53%).

Monoterpenes: ⍺-pinene, myrcene (7.45-11.41%), (Z)-b-ocimene (0.69%), (E)-b-ocimene (0.32-0.34%), limonene (0.02-0.4%), terpinolene (1.3%)
Sesquiterpenes: β-elemene (1.4%), ⍺-farnesene (0.05-0.3%), bicyclogermacrene (1.2%), germacrene D (0.2%), b-caryophyllene (0.23%), a-farnesene (0.05%), b-farnesene (0.15%)
Aldehydes: neral (31.52-33.31%), geranial (37.8-45.2%), citronellal (0.29%)
Esters: geranyl acetate (0.24-1.2%), sabinene hydrate (0.3%), neryl acetate (0.07%), geranyl formate (0.07%)
Monoterpenols: geraniol (3.05-5.5%), linalool (1.29%), citronellol (0.2%)
Phenols: carvacrol (0.23)^3,4,5,6

There are two species of lemongrass commonly available within the aromatherapy world: Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon flexuosus. The main differences between C. citratus and C. flexuosus is a slight difference in citral, with a higher content of b-caryophyllene in C. flexuosus and with C. citratus being considerably richer in myrcene. There are slight differences in other minor components, however the two essential oils may be used interchangeably.

Component	C. citratus5,6,7,8	C. flexuosus
Geranial	37.8-45.2%	37.5-47.0%
Neral	31.52-33.31%	28.2-33.0%
b-caryophyllene	0.23%	2.0-4.0%
myrcene	7.45-11.41+%	1.0%

SAFETY INFORMATION

• GRAS status.
• Dermal Caution: Use caution when applying lemongrass essential oil to hypersensitive or diseased or damaged skin.
• Always dilute in carrier oil for application to the skin.
• Personal experience: I use lemongrass extensively to clean my house, and I always use gloves while cleaning. A friend of mine cleaned her house with lemongrass, and when I saw her a few days later she had dermatitis on both hands. (It took about two weeks for it to clear.) We surmised that it was because she did not wear gloves while cleaning. Lesson: if you are going to clean with lemongrass in warm water, use gloves!

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Anti-allergy¹¹, antiseptic, antifungal^12,13, antiviral, anti-inflammatory^14,15, anti-nociceptive²³, antimicrobial¹⁶, antibiofilm¹⁷, digestive, insect repellent, mosquito repellent, nervine, sedative, strengthens connective tissue

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Musculoskeletal

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Lemony, strong
Blending factor: 1
Notes: Top, top to mid
Blends well with: Cedarwood, clove bud, cypress, geranium, ginger, lavender, Litsea cubeba, niaouli, palmarosa, patchouli, peppermint, black spruce, ylang ylang
Substitution: Litsea cubeba, East Indian Lemongrass

CORE INDICATIONS

• General properties: an excellent household cleaner, can be added to castile soap to clean wood floors, bathrooms, dishes, counters, add to jojoba and clean wood tables, use in diffusers to reduce microbes and bacteria in the air, can be used with borax for laundry
• Circulatory system: poor or sluggish circulation, varicose veins (C+++)
• Lymphatic and Immune systems: lowered immune response, compromised immunity, lymph drainage (C+++, O+)
• Musculoskeletal system: muscular aches and pains, tired and sore muscles, sprains, bruises, pain in joints, muscle weakness (C+++)
• Nervous system: nervous exhaustion (C+++)
• Respiratory system: antiseptic, sinus congestion, lowered immune response for respiratory illness, respiratory infection¹⁸ (C+++, I+++)
• Skin: acne, oily skin, boils, athletes foot, cellulite, excessive sweating, has a special tightening effect on the elastin fibers in the corium and in the subcutis¹⁹, weakness of connective tissue²⁰, applicable to breast treatment (tightening)²¹, ringworm²² **Always dilute down in a vegetable oil or other base before applying to the skin! (C+++)
• Psyche/emotion: fatigue, grieving process, strengthening during weak emotional period, transition, release work (C+++, I+++)
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• Ayurveda: Lemongrass is used to stimulate Agni without aggravating Pitta. Relieves gas and cramps by regulating samana and apana Vayu. It is drying to avalambaka Kapha and helps to expectorate excess phlegm. Clearing to hot lung infections with yellow mucus. Lemongrass has an affinity for rasa and raktadhatu and is helping with painful menses due to inflammation or spasm in uterus from high Pitta and Vata.²³
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): In TCM, lemongrass is indicated to dispel wind and free network vessels, warm center and relieve pain. Used for common cold with headache, diarrhea, wind-cold impediment pain, cold pain in stomach duct and abdomen, knocks and falls.²⁴
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RESEARCH

Human Studies

One pilot study published in the Brazilian Annals of Dermatology in 2013 found that lemongrass essential oil may be a good candidate for clinical application for treatment of Tinea versicolor, ‘a superficial mycosis caused by yeasts of the genus Malassezia spp., prevalent in tropical countries and especially affecting individuals with diminished immunity status’.²⁵

Animal Studies

• Oral use of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil (0.5-0.1g/kg) exhibits anxiolytic, sedative and anticonvulsive activity in Swiss male mice.²⁶
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils exhibit anti-inflammatory properties.²⁷
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil exhibits antinociceptive activity in mice.²⁸

In Vitro Studies

• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil exhibits antimycotic (antifungal) activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger growth.²⁹
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) demonstrates fungitoxic activity against some respiratory pathogenic species of Aspergillus.³⁰
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) exhibits anxiolytic activity.
  The results of this study suggested that the interaction of lemongrass essential oil with the GABA(A) receptor-benzodiazepine complex causes the anxiolytic activity.³¹
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.³²
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil exhibits powerful antibacterial activity.
  Gaseous lemongrass (C. citratus) as well as its active component, citral, demonstrated powerful antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae, penicillin-susceptible and resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. The authors concluded that high vapor concentration exposures for short periods of time cause the most effective antimicrobial activity.³³
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil exhibits anticandidal activity.^34,35
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil exhibits potent antiviral activity against HSV-1 virus. This study found that lemongrass possessed the strongest antiviral activity of the essential oils being compared and was the most effective essential oil against HSV-1 infection, in particular. When topically applied, even at a concentration of 0.1%, lemongrass showed stronger antiviral activity than tea tree, making it a good choice to combat recurrences of HSV-1.³⁶ (HSV-1 = Herpes simplex virus type-1)
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil mixed in salt and warm water can be effective in treating Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Tinea pedis)³⁷.

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Bergamot

Citrus aurantium L. ssp. bergamia Wight & Arn. ex Engler
syn. Citrus bergamia Risso & Poiteau

 

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Watch: About Bergamot with Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name/s: Bergamot
Accepted name: Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil.
Scientific name: Citrus aurantium var. bergamia (Risso) Brandis
Synonyms: Citrus ×aurantium L. ssp. bergamia (Risso & Poit.) Wight & Arn. ex Engl. syn. Citrus bergamia Risso
Botanical family: Rutaceae
Conservation status: Not yet been assessed

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EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Calabria, Southern Italy, Sicily
Part of plant used: Peel/zest of fruit
Essential oil yield: 0.5%
Extraction method: Expression from the fresh peel of the nearly ripe fruit or distilled zest
Color of oil: Emerald green – olive green*

*As bergamot essential oil ages or is exposed to light, its color will fade to a yellowish shade, or even disappear altogether.

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AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Expressed (cold pressed) Citrus bergamia essential oil is rich in monoterpenes, d-limonene (10.54 – 53.19%) and y-terpinene (4.28-10.32%); the monoterpenol: linalool (2-20%), and the ester, linalyl acetate (15-40.37%).^1,2

Distilled Citrus bergamia essential oil is rich in monoterpenes, d-limonene (31.66-59.21%), b-pinene (0.78-4.38%), myrcene (1.33%), monoterpenols: linalool (9.51-31.76%), a-terpineol (1.09%); and the esters, linalyl acetate (10.72-16.83%), geranyl acetate (1.33%).^3,4

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SAFETY

Unrectified Bergamot

• Phototoxic (extreme risk); may be photocarcinogenic. Avoid sunlight or sun bed if blend contains more than 0.4% unrectified bergamot or for up to 24 hours after applying a blend with bergamot containing bergaptene. **To avoid phototoxicity with the unrectified essential oil, use in blend at 0.4% or below.
• Cautions: Old or oxidized oils should be avoided. Due to the limonene content in bergamot, it is critical that the essential oil be stored properly (e.g., in a dark container in the refrigerator or in a cold room away from sunlight and heat). When limonene is oxidized it can become a dermal sensitizer.
• Average shelf life for monoterpene-rich essential oils, such as bergamot, when stored correctly is 1-3 years.

Rectified Bergamot (Bergamot FCF)

• Cautions: Old or oxidized oils should be avoided. Due to the limonene content in bergamot, it is critical that the essential oil be stored properly (e.g., in a dark container in the refrigerator or in a cold room away from sunlight and heat). When limonene is oxidized it can become a dermal sensitizer.
• Average shelf life for monoterpene-rich essential oils, such as bergamot, when stored correctly is 1-3 years.

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THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Analgesic, antibacterial, antidepressant, antifungal/antimycotic⁶, anti-inflammatory⁷, antinociceptive⁸, airborne antiseptic, antispasmodic, antiviral, anxiolytic⁹, aperitive, carminative, digestive, neuroprotective, nervine¹⁰, sedative, uplifting

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SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Nervous system, Psyche/emotion, Digestive

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BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Rich, exotic, fresh, sweet, sharp, citrus, becoming spicier after a time.
Blending factor: 7 to 8
Note: Top
Blends well with: Clary sage, geranium, ylang ylang, lavender, angelica root, jasmine, cape chamomile, other citrus essential oils, lemongrass, ylang ylang, peppermint, neroli, ho wood, helichrysum, petitgrain, frankincense, coriander seed

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CORE INDICATIONS

• Digestive system: stress-related digestive issues, lack of appetite, dyspepsia, regulates appetite, nausea, colic, intestinal infections, sluggish digestion (O+++, I+++, C+++)
• Nervous system: insomnia, stress, nervous tension, depression, anxiety, reduces irritability, minimize symptoms of stress-induced anxiety¹¹ (O+++, I+++, D+++, C++)
• Reproductive system: PMS, menopausal mood swings (O+++, I+++, D+++, C++)
• Skin: acne, weeping eczema, oily complexion, cold sores, oily hair/skin, vitiligo, psoriasis (C+++)
• Psyche and emotion: insomnia, emotional instability (mood swings), anxiety, depression. Bergamot is uplifting and calming depending on what you blend with it. Clary sage and bergamot together would tend to be calming whereas bergamot with eucalyptus could be stimulating. (I+++, D+++, C++, O+++)

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RESEARCH

Human Studies

• Inhalation of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil reduces stress response.
  In a randomized crossover study, 42 healthy females ranging in age from 20 to 23. These 42 females were then divided into 6 groups, 7 individuals in each group. The groups then received rest (R), rest + water vapor (RW), or rest + water vapor + bergamot oil (RWB) to inhale for 15 minutes at each sitting. This was followed by 2 min of rest for the collection of saliva samples, 10 min for continued recording of the heart rate variability, and 10 min for filling out the questionnaires. Salivary cortisol levels were reduced significantly with the RWV (bergamot essential oil dissolved in water vapor). The high-frequency heart rate (a component of heart rate variability and an indicator of parasympathetic nervous system function) also increased significantly. The inhalation of bergamot essential oil is capable of reducing stress response and may play a role in a ‘world plagued by stress’.¹⁵
• A small pilot study using 57 individuals (50 women, 7 men), found that the diffusion of bergamot essential oil in a waiting room increased positive feelings and mood.¹⁶

Animal Studies

• Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil has an anti-inflammatory effect. Study done with male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.¹⁷
• Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil exhibits an anxiolytic-like effect and reduces the stress response in rats, reducing the corticosterone response to stress, thereby reducing the activity of the HPA (Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal) axis. This effect was found to be similar as that to diazepam.¹⁸
• Bergamot essential oil exhibits anxiolytic and relaxant properties.¹⁹
• Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil exhibits antinociceptive activity.²⁰

In Vitro

• Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil has neuroprotective activity.²¹
• Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil exhibits antifungal (antimycotic) activity.
  In this in vitro study, bergamot oil demonstrated antifungal activity against a wide number of clinical isolates of various pathogenic dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton). These results give substantial support to popular or anecdotal beliefs in the effectiveness of treating skin and mucosal infections with bergamot oils.²²

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Oregano

Origanum vulgate L.

 

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Watch: About Oregano with Jade Shutes

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BOTANY AND HISTORICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Oregano
Scientific name: Origanum vulgare L.
Botanical family: Lamiaceae syn. Labiatae
Conservation status: Least concern

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EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: France, Germany, Egypt
Part of plant used: Flowering tops
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 2%
Color of oil: Pale yellow

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AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Chemical Feature: Rich in phenols, thymol and carvacrol, supported by monoterpenes (y-terpinene, p-cymene, and a-terpinene).

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SAFETY INFORMATION

• Always dilute prior to use. Avoid using on open wounds or sensitive skin.
• Has GRAS status.
• Contraindications: Individuals on diabetic medication or anticoagulant medication should avoid the oral use of oregano. It is also contraindicated before major surgery, or with individuals who have peptic ulcer, hemophilia, or other bleeding disorders.1

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THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Powerful antibacterial (broad spectrum), antifungal, antiparasitic, antiseptic, antiviral, immune modulator

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BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Spicy, herbaceous
Blending factor: 1
Note: Mid
Blends well with: Thyme, Lavender, Eucalyptus sp., Lemon

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CORE INDICATIONS

**Oregano tends to be used internally, either in capsules or in rectal suppositories. If used in dermal applications, it should be diluted down in vegetable oil and other gentle essential oils (e.g. Lavender).

• Digestive system: intestinal parasites (I+++)
• Respiratory system: respiratory infections (both acute and chronic), bronchitis, sinusitis, flu/influenza, lowered immunity accompanied with respiratory infection (bacterial or viral) (I+++)
• Urinary system: urinary tract infections (UTI’s), cystitis (I+++)

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READ: The Internal Use of Oregano

Vetiver

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash ex Small

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Watch: About Vetiver with Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Vetiver
Scientific name: Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty
Synonym: Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash
Botanical family: Poaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: Commonly known as ruh khus, and previously known as Vetiveria zizanioides, vetiver is a perennial grass in the Poaceae family native to tropical Asia. Vetiver is a large, tufted bunchgrass that can grow up to 1.5 metres tall. Leaves and stems are rigid and erect; small brown-purple flowers are borne in long spikes. The roots are strongly aromatic, and grow downward into the soil to depths of over 3 meters.

C. zizanioides has been introduced into the tropics of both hemispheres; it grows wild in some regions. Vetiver is drought-resistant and is planted as a hedge in dryland restoration to prevent soil erosion. Vetiver essential oil is extracted from the aromatic roots.¹

Vetiver thrives in every soil type up to altitudes of 2000 meters, though the plant prefers to grow in well-drained sand.

Ethnobotany: C. zizanioides has a long history of use in traditional medicines. It was valued as a carminative, diuretic, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue. Vetiver was renowned as a parasitic and anthelmintic agent, and was considered to be an alexiteric (preservative against poisons and venoms); a paste of the fresh roots was applied to snakebites and scorpion stings. In Trinidad vetiver tea was used as a remedy for flu, colic, nausea, and pleurisy. In the Philippines and Thailand, a decoction of the root was taken to dissolve gallstones, and an infusion of the root was taken to cool fevers and relieve stomach disorders. Topical preparations were used to relieve the pain of skin burns, and a paste made of the leaves was used to ease rheumatism, lumbago, and sprains. In West Bengal a decoction of the stem was used to treat urinary tract infections.²

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Haiti, Sri Lanka, India
Part of plant used: Roots of grass
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 2-3%
Color of oil: Golden orange to dark brown, viscous oil

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Over one hundred and fifty-five unique components have been identified in Vetiver essential oil. Vetiver is considered to be one of the most complex essential oils. The main components include a group of sesquiterpenes (cadenene, cloven, amorphine, b-vetivenene, aromadendrine, junipene); sesquiterpenols (khusinol, epiglobulol, spathulenol, khusimol [0.6-8.9%], khusian-2-ol [1.8-2.3%], khusol); ketones (a-vetivone [8.4-13.3%], b-vetivone [2.2-3.7%], khusimone [1.2-2.3%], nootkatone); and the ester, khusinol acetate.^3,4,5

SAFETY INFORMATION

• No known contraindications.
• Dermal caution: May contain isoeugenol, which is listed as a fragrance allergen.⁶

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

System	Action
Musculoskeletal	analgesic, antirheumatic
Skin	antimicrobial (S. epidermis & P. acnes)7, astringent, vulnerary
Cardiovascular	circulatory tonic (arterial and venous), vasorelaxant8
Immune	immune-modulatory
Nervous/Emotion	anxiolytic9, aphrodisiac, nervine, nootropic, sedative
General	antibacterial, antifungal10, anti-inflammatory11, antioxidant12,13, antispasmodic, insect repellent

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Nervous, Psyche/emotion, Musculoskeletal, Skin

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Sweet, earthy, warm, woody, deep
Blending factor: 1
Note: Base note
Blends well with: bergamot, cistus, cypress, combava petitgrain, ginger, grapefruit, lavender, lemon, lime, myrrh, palmarosa, patchouli, neroli, black spruce, ylang ylang
Substitutions: patchouli, ginger

CORE INDICATIONS

• Circulatory system: varicose veins, poor circulation (C+++)
• Musculoskeletal system: muscular aches and pains, sprains, stiffness, muscle tension, arthritis, rheumatism (C+++)
• Nervous system: debility, nervous tension, insomnia (C+++, I+++)
• Reproductive system: menopause, postnatal depression, PMS, reduced or lowered sex drive, amenorrhea (C+++, I+++)
• Skin: acne, inflamed conditions, oily skin (due to slight astringent-like effect), preventative for stretch marks and wrinkles, wound care, irritated skin, rashes, and topical bacterial or fungal infections²⁰(C+++)
• Psyche/emotion: Grounding, centering, provides a sense of security, especially useful when one is feeling anxious or has a lot of thoughts swirling around with little clarity, calming and balancing when there is over-sensitivity, physical and mental burnout, strengthens and stabilizes, instills confidence, settles nerves before an ordeal (lecture, dentist), anxiety, depression (C+++, I+++)
  _____________
• Ayurveda: Cools Pitta, grounds Vata (use with other essential oils that are warming)
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): In TCM, vetiver is cool and moist energy that can be used to clear heat while also nourishing, calming, and uplifting.²¹

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RESEARCH

Human Studies

• Inhalation of volatiles emitted from the roots of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) increases ability to focus and relieves stress.²²

Animal Studies

• Oral administration of vetiver essential oil exhibits sedative effects similar to diazepam.²³

In vitro

• Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.²⁴

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Watch: About Vetiver

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Helichrysum

Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don fil.

 

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Watch: About Helichrysum with Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Helichrysum, Italian helichrysum
Scientific name: Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don
Botanical family: Asteraceae
Conservation status: Least concern¹

Description: Also known as Curry Plant, Helichrysum italicum is an iconic flowering plant in the Asteraceae family native to the Mediterranean. Helichrysum italicum is a xerophytic shrub adapted to survive in an environment with little liquid water that grows 30 to 70 centimeters high. The plant is branched at the base and features small, linear, hairy leaves. It’s characterized by an overall grey hue until the appearance of golden flowerheads in June and July. Helichrysum thrives in dry, rocky regions at a stunning range of altitudes, from sea level to over 2,000 meters.

Helichrysum’s name comes from the Greek helios, “sun,” and krysos, which means “gold,” referring to helichrysum’s sunny yellow flowerheads. The color is striking in the light of full sun, a brilliance that persists even in the dried plant. The flowers retain their golden color and fragrance when dried, leading to common names like immortelle (“everlasting”) and perpetual flower.

Ethnobotany: Helichrysum has a complex aroma; rosy, spicy, with notes of licorice, curry, and tobacco. It has a long history of use in human and veterinary medicine to treat respiratory and digestive problems, and for wound healing. Olive oil infusions of H. italicum were applied topically to burns, from both sun and fire.

All major medical treatises of the Greco-Roman tradition comment on helichrysum, and mention its use in joint health, liver protection, and to treat respiratory infections. Theophrastus thought of helichrysum as a mind-altering plant, purportedly due to its use in ritual fumigations. The ancient Romans and Greeks reportedly decorated the statues of gods with wreaths of helichrysum flowerheads.

Modern Popularity

Helichrysum is a relative newcomer to the practice and industry of aromatherapy. According to Schnaubelt (1999) “The story of the essential oil of Helichrysum italicum is a perfect example of how a few individuals acting decisively can make a difference in the world. Essential oil catalogs prior to the early 1980’s do not list Helichrysum italicum. Today, Helichrysum essential oil is offered on virtually every ambitious aromatherapy list.” It could be said, that Kurt Schnaubelt popularized the work of Pierre Franchomme and Daniel Penoel through the aromatherapy courses at the Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy as well as through his (Schnaubelt’s) earlier books: Advanced Aromatherapy and Medical Aromatherapy.

“Its effects are so convincing that it has never met with any kind of criticism despite the absence of data on its effectiveness. Helichrysum oil demonstrates that anecdotal evidence can create a reality without the help of industrially sponsored science. Helichrysum is more predictable in its action than almost any other oil and is produced and sold by small enterprises that understand the needs of the aromatherapy market.³”

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Counties of origin: France, Italy, Corsica (French Island), Bosnia
Part of plant used: Flowers and flowering tops
Essential oil yield: 0.67% (v/w)
Extraction method: Steam distillation
Color of oil: yellowish to reddish color

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Forty-five unique components make up 84.5 to 94.2% of Helichrysum italicum essential oil. The core components include: neryl acetate (32.38-51.4%), supported by monoterpenes (α-pinene), sesquiterpinols (including ar curcumene, the eudesmols, and y-curcumene) and diketones.

Monoterpenes: α-pinene (0.8-17.2%), camphene (0.2-1.6%), β-pinene (0.2-0.7%),
myrcene (0.04%), limonene (1.7-4.7%), terpinolene (0.2-0.4%)
Monoterpene alcohols: linalool (0.3-2.7%), borneol (0.05%), α-terpineol (0.7-1.4%), nerol (0.24-3.9%)
Sesquiterpene alcohols: guaiol (1.5%), β-eudesmol (1.2-2.5%), α-eudesmol (1.4-6.9%), italicene (0.4-2.1%), ar-curcumene (1-1.8%), y-curcumene (3.9-13.6%), eudesm-5-en-11-ol (2.8-6.1%)
Esters: neryl acetate (32.38-51.4%), geranyl propionate (3.8%), neryl propionate (3.9-5.9%)
Ketones (diketones): 2-nonanone (0.2-0.3%), 3,5 dimethyloctane-4,6-dione (0.92-4.1%), 4,6,9-trimethyldec-8-en-3,5-dione (2.3-5.9%), italidione i mw=210 (8.19%), italidione ii mw=224 (2.59%), italidione iii mw=238 (1.55-1.76%)
Ethers (oxides): 1,8 cineole (0.3-0.9%), nerol oxide (0.5-1.5%)^4,5

NOTE: Differences in chemical composition occur based upon country of origin.

SAFETY INFORMATION

• Considered to be safe when applied diluted or undiluted (when necessary or indicated)
• No known contraindications.
• GRAS status

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

System of the Body	Action
Musculoskeletal system:	analgesic
Respiratory system:	mucolytic
Skin:	cell regenerative, vulnerary
Cardiovascular system:	anti-haematomal
Psyche/emotion:	antidepressant
General:	anti-inflammatory6, antiseptic, antispasmodic

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Skin

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Spicy, warm, and herbaceous
Blending factor: 3 – 5
Note: Mid note
Blends well with: Carrot seed, German chamomile, Rosemary ct. verbenone, Sage (Salvia officinalis), Lavender, Roman chamomile, Cistus/Rockrose, Lavendin

CORE INDICATIONS

• First aid: First aid remedy for bruises, strains, sprains, tissue trauma (apply undiluted)
• Circulatory system: varicose veins, bruises, broken capillaries, Raynaud’s disease, hemorrhoids (C+++)
• Digestive system: rectal fissures (C+++)
• Musculoskeletal system: joint pain, rheumatoid arthritis, carpel tunnel, arthritis (C+++)
• Nervous system: neuralgia, pain, inflammation (C+++)
• Skin: acne, chronic dermatitis, eczema, scar tissue reduction/to support healthy scar tissue formation, burns, dermal inflammation, cuts and wounds, bruises, radiation burns, Herpes simplex, tissue trauma, broken capillaries, stretch marks, dry itchy skin, varicose veins, rosacea, psoriasis, aging skin (C+++)
• Psyche/emotion: mental unrest, irritability, grief and bereavement, inability to heal or overcome adversity, emotional trauma, old emotional scars, anxiety, agitation, acute fear or anger, emotional burnout (I+++, C++)

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Peppermint

Mentha x piperita L. (pro sp.)

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Watch: About Peppermint with Jade Shutes

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Peppermint
Scientific name: Mentha × piperita L. (pro sp.)
Botanical family: Lamiaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: Mentha x piperita is an aromatic herb in the Lamiaceae family native to the Mediterranean, and cultivated throughout the world. Peppermint is a hybrid of spearmint (Mentha spicata) and water mint (Mentha aquatica). M. x piperita is a rhizomatous, upright perennial that typically grows 1-2 feet tall and wide, but will spread further via rhizomes to form a ground cover. The leaves are 1-2 inches long, dark green, toothed, and rounded to lance-shaped. Flowers bloom in summer, are small, pink to lavender, and grow in terminal spikes. They rarely set seed. Peppermint grows best in rich, moist soils in full sun to part shade. The plant can adapt to a wide range of soils except for dry ones.¹

The term ‘‘Mentha’’ reportedly derives from Greek mythology. According to the lore, Mentha, or Minthe, was the name of a naiad and lover of Pluto, god of the underworld. His wife Persephone, incensed by his infidelity, trampled Minthe to the ground, transforming her into mint.

Peppermint essential oil is extracted by steam distillation of the aerial parts prior to flowering. The oil is used in cosmetic, personal hygiene, food, and pharmaceutical preparations, and is valued for its spicy and refreshing properties.²

Ethnobotany: According to Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (circa 23-79 CE), Greeks and Romans adorned themselves and their tables with peppermint at feasts, and the herb was used to flavor wine and sauces. M. x piperita was likely cultivated by Egyptians, and its use is documented in Icelandic medical documents dating back to the 13th century. Aristotle (circa 384-322 BCE) notes the use of peppermint as an aphrodisiac, and Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) barred his soldiers from using peppermint because it was believed to pacify them and encourage erotic thoughts. Arabs used peppermint in their social drinks to stimulate virility.

In traditional herbal medicine, peppermint has been used to relieve gas, spasms, and other digestive maladies. The herb has been used to treat cholera and diarrhea, induce perspiration, treat colds and flu, as well as to alleviate disorders of the nervous system, including tension headaches.³

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: France, England, USA
Part of plant used: Leaves
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.9-3%
Color of oil: Pale yellow, clear

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Forty-three+ unique components make up 99.8% of the whole essential oil of peppermint.
The core components include: menthol (30-60%) and menthone (14-32%).
Other components include:

Monoterpenes: ⍺-pinene (0.55%), β-pinene (0.80%), ⍺-phellandrene (0.05%), sabinene (0.38%), myrcene (0.32%), p-cymene (0.25%), ⍺-terpinene (0.19%), limonene (3.29%), ⍺-terpinene (0.32%), β-ocimene (0.20%)
Sesquiterpenes: b-caryophyllene (1.61%), y-cadinene (0.06%)
Monoterpenols: linalool (0.39%), menthol (36.9%)
Esters: methyl acetate (2.8-10%)
Ketones: carvone (3.82%), piperitone (0.76%), isomenthone (2-10%)
Ether (oxide): caryophyllene oxide (0.12%), 1,8 cineole (3.5-14%)
Phenylpropanoids: trans-anethole (1.26%)^4,5,6

SAFETY INFORMATION

• Contraindication for Infants: Peppermint essential oils is contraindicated via any route for infants. (*Can use hydrosols!) Avoid application on or near the face with small children due to risk of respiratory spasm (spasms of the tongue) and respiratory arrest.⁷
• Contraindications for Oral Route: Peppermint essential oil is contraindicated for individuals with achlorhydria (absence of free hydrochloric acid in gastric juice), obstruction of bile ducts, gallbladder inflammation, or severe liver damage.⁸
• Avoid undiluted application to open wounds and sensitive skin.
• Peppermint is a potent essential oil and can have differing effects depending on concentration used. Reactions to peppermint range from mildly heating or cooling to burning.
• Caution when using internally for individuals who have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).⁹
• Potential Adverse Events (Oral use): The primary adverse effects of utilizing peppermint essential oil internally are: heartburn and reflux.¹⁰ This is reduced when using time-release enteric-coated capsules.
• Peppermint oil is considered to be safe for pregnant or breast-feeding women when used in moderation.¹¹
• Maximum recommended adult daily oral dose: 6-12 drops a day divided into 2-3 doses throughout day

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Digestive: anti-emetic, carminative, digestive, choleretic
Respiratory: antitussive, decongestant, expectorant, mucolytic, secretolytic
Psyche/emotions: cephalic, stimulant
Musculoskeletal: analgesic
General: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antiviral, insecticidal

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Digestive, Respiratory, Musculoskeletal

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Fresh, menthol, clean, cool, strong
Blending factor: 1 to 2
Note: Top, Top to mid
Blends well with: Laurel, rosemary ct. cineole, lemon, spearmint, niaouli, ravintsara, Litsea cubeba, clary sage, fennel, Eucalyptus globulus, E. radiata, other Eucalyptus spp., hyssop ct. cineole, thyme ct. linalool or ct. thymol or ct. geraniol, juniper berry, coriander seed, tarragon
Substitutions: Rosemary ct. cineole, Juniper berry, Ginger or Caraway seed (digestive system)

CORE INDICATIONS

• Circulatory system: sluggish circulation (use with rosemary or black pepper), varicose veins, Raynaud’s disease (C+++)
• Digestive system: travel sickness, spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, stomach upsets, colic, cramping, halitosis, dyspepsia, excess gas, flatulence with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, irritable bowel syndrome¹², spastic colon, post-surgical nausea, headaches associated with digestive tension¹³ (O+++, C+++, I+++, D+, Fb+)
• Musculoskeletal system: spasms, muscular stiffness, aches and pains, tight muscles, rheumatism, pain, fibromyalgia, sprains, arthritis, strains, plantar fasciitis, tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, sciatica, bursitis, bruises, can reduce swelling and pain¹⁴ (C+++, I+, Fb+++)
• Nervous system: mental fatigue, shingles, tension headache¹⁵, migraine, neuralgia, travel sickness, shock/trauma, inability to focus, shingles (C+++, I+++, O++)
• Reproductive system: dysmenorrhea, painful cramps (C+++)
• Respiratory system: bronchitis, halitosis, sinusitis, spasmodic cough, head cold, common cold, congestion, sinusitis, flu (O+++, C+++, I+++, D+)
• Psyche/emotion: fatigue, clears the mind, stimulating, invigorating and uplifting, dislike of exercise, limited communication skills, low self-esteem, nervous depression, lethargy, apathy, mental fatigue, aids concentration (use with rosemary), inspires enthusiasm (I+++, C+++, D+)
  _______________
• Ayurveda: Indicated for excess Kapha, cooling to Pitta conditions, supports the movement of the breath (Vata).
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): In TCM, peppermint is energetically cool and dry, helping to circulate Qi-energy, clear hot phlegm, and stimulates the nerves and brain.¹⁶

Research

Peppermint essential oil has been extensively studied and reviewed. We provide a few examples below.

General

• Peppermint is routinely offered in many chemotherapy units in the United States and England to prevent and relieve nausea. Inhalation is recommended at a low dosage: 2 to 3 drops on a cotton swab.¹⁷

Human Studies

• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil has antispasmodic activity, reducing spasms in the intestinal tract.^18,19,20

• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil is effective for relieving headache²¹.
A randomized, double-blind, controlled study showed that applying a 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution to the forehead and temples can significantly reduce headache intensity in tension-type headaches, making it an effective remedy for such headaches.²²

• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil is an effective anti-emetic for post-operative nausea.²³

• Peppermint essential oil improves cognition and attenuates mental fatigue.
In a small double-blind, placebo-controlled balanced cross-over study involving 24 participants, researchers set out to assess the cognitive/mood effects of Mentha x piperita essential oil when taken internally. The participants were divided into three groups: 100 microliter Peppermint essential oil in vegetable oil; 50 microliters peppermint essential oil, and placebo (vegetable oil). Each participant received two capsules to consumer with 200 ml full fat milk. The study revealed that at the higher dosage, peppermint essential oil was able to improve performance, memory, and attenuate mental fatigue from the day long testing.²⁴

In Vitro Studies

• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.²⁵
• Peppermint essential oil exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against an array of pathogenic microbes including Candida albicans.²⁶
• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil and its active component, menthol, exhibit anti-emetic activity.²⁷
• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil oil exhibited carminative activity, indicating its potential usefulness in treating excess gas (flatulence) as well as relieving abdominal pain.²⁸
• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil exhibits virucidal activity against the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2).²⁹

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Copaiba

Copaifera officinalis

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BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Copaiba
Scientific name: Copaifera officinalis (Jacq.) L.
Botanical family: Fabaceae
Conservation status: Not defined (*Note: Copaifera panamensis is considered vulnerable. )

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EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Brazil
Part of plant used: Resin
Extraction method: Distillation
Oil content: not known by author
Color of oil: Pale yellow

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AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL FEATURE: Rich in sesquiterpenes, specifically b-caryophyllene and a-copaene.

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SAFETY INFORMATION

• None known

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THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS:

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anxiolytic, balsamic, immune modulator, nervine, vulnerary

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BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Resin-like, fresh, earthy, heavy
Notes: Base note
Blends well with: Lavender, Clove bud, Grapefruit, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Lemon, Lemongrass, Ylang ylang, Cypress, Eucalyptus radiata

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CORE INDICATIONS

Affinity / Therapeutics	Application Ideas
The Skin: mature skin, wrinkles, scar tissue, wound healing, eczema, acne, inflamed skin conditions, soothing to dry irritated skin	Copaiba, frankincense, and lavender in an unscented cream base is perfect for mature skin. Combine copaiba, cedarwood, and lemon for a body cleanser or facial cleanser.
Immune system: supports and may strengthen the immune system	Combine copaiba with frankincense in a personal inhaler. Salt scrub with copaiba and lemon.
The Respiratory system: allergies, sinus congestion, asthma	Make a personal inhaler with frankincense, lemon and cedarwood.
Nervous system/Emotions: anxiety, tension, meditative, supports reflection and introspection, stills the mind, inability to focus, spiritual consciousness, tranquility, helps to quiet and center the mind	A personal inhaler or roller ball massage oil with copaiba, lemon, and cedarwood.
Musculoskeletal System: swollen joints, muscular aches and pains, arthritis	Massage oil or gel based product with copaiba, lavender and helichrysum

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Ideas for blending with Copaiba essential oil

Anxiety Relief Inhaler

When life just seems…overwhelming

• 10ml glass roller ball tube
• 9.5 ml vegetable oil of choice
• 7 drops Copaiba
• 4 drops Ylang ylang
• 10 drops Grapefruit

Immunity Salt Scrub

• 1 cup fine sea salt
• 2/3+ cup vegetable oil of choice
• 15 drops Copaiba
• 12 drops Eucalyptus radiata
• 10 drops Grapefruit

Soothing to Inflamed Skin Conditions

• 2 ounces unscented cream or lotion
• 12 drops Copaiba
• 8 drops Lavender
• 10 drops Frankincense

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