Foundations of Aromatherapy

Grapefruit

Citrus x paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.)

Watch Presentation on Grapefruit with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Grapefruit, forbidden fruit, smaller shaddock
Scientific name: Citrus x paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.)
Botanical family: Rutaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: Grapefruit is an evergreen hybrid in the Rutaceae family, likely a cross between C. maxima and C. sinensis that originated in Barbados. The tree grows at a moderate rate to 7 meters tall by 7 meters wide. Grapefruit thrives in sandy, loamy, and heavy clay soils, preferring them well-drained. It can grow in highly acidic soils, but does not tolerate shade.

The fruit is eaten and juiced, the peel candied, used in cakes, and as a source of pectin. The essential oil is obtained from the peel, and commonly used as a flavoring in soft drinks, chewing gum, sweets, baked goods, and ice cream.

Ethnobotany: Grapefruit was first described in 1750 by Griffith Hughes who dubbed it the “forbidden fruit” of Barbados. As a relatively new citrus fruit, grapefruit does not have a long history of traditional use, but the flower essence has been used to relieve insomnia, as a stomachic, and cardiac tonic and the pulp is used to treat urinary disorders.

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Israel, USA, South Africa
Part of plant used: Peel/zest of fruit
Essential oil yield: 16.41% (expressed), 0.29-0.37% (distilled)
Extraction method: Expressed or Distilled
Color of oil: light yellow to light orange (expressed), pale to clear (distilled)

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Nineteen unique components make up 95.26% of the essential oil, mostly monoterpenes. Cold pressed and distilled Citrus paradisi essential oil contain similar chemical composition with very slight variations in percentages.

Cold pressed essential oil: d-limonene (91.83%), β-myrcene (3.06%), and other components less then 1% include: α-pinene, β-ocimene, isopulegol, β-caryophyllene, β-cadinene, nootkatone (0.19%)
Distilled essential oil: d-limonene (75.07-96.06%), β-myrcene (2.06-7.25%), α-pinene (2.11%), β-phellandrene (1.18%), octanol (1.68%), decanal (1.11%), caryophyllene (1.88%), and other components less then 1% include: y-terpinene, 3-carene and nonane. ,

DID YOU KNOW?

Nootkatone is responsible for the aroma of grapefruit. Traces of nootkatone have also been found in other citrus essential oils including: bergamot, lemon, lime, orange, and tangerine.

SAFETY INFORMATION

Cautions: Due to the limonene content, it is important that the essential oil be stored properly (e.g., in a dark container in the refrigerator or in a cold room away from sunlight and heat). When limonene oxidizes, essential oils rich in this component can potentially cause dermal sensitization. Oxidized citrus essential oils should not be used in body care products or formulations designed for dermal application. The essential oil can, however, be used for cleaning products.
Average shelf life for monoterpene-rich essential oils, such as grapefruit, when stored correctly is 1-3 years.
GRAS status.

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

System	Action
Digestive system	liver detoxification (Phase I and II), hepatoprotective, stimulant (lymphatic and digestive)
Urinary system	diuretic
Nervous/Emotion	antidepressant, anxiolytic⁹, relaxant, uplifting
General	antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, antioxidant¹⁰, antiseptic, antiviral, astringent

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Digestive, Nervous system, Psyche/emotion

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: fresh-citrusy, sweet
Blending factor: 7 – 8
Note: Top note
Blends well with: Juniper berry, cypress, peppermint, other citrus essential oils, Scots pine, jasmine, black pepper, monarda, palmarosa, geranium, sweet fennel, cardamom, rosemary ct. cineole or verbenone, patchouli
Substitutions: Lemon, sweet orange, juniper berry

CORE INDICATIONS

General: air purifier (D+++, Sp+++)
Circulatory system: sluggish circulation (supports circulatory stimulants such as juniper berry, rosemary, etc.) (C+++)
Digestive system: constipation, sluggish digestion, general digestive fatigue, digestion-related migraine (C+++, O+++, I++, D+)
Lymph/immune systems: sluggish lymph, edema, supportive to detoxification (C+++, O++, I+++)
Musculoskeletal system: muscular aches and pains, rheumatism, muscle fatigue and/or stiffness (C+++, FB+)
Nervous system: depression, anxiety, stress, nervous exhaustion (O+++, C+++, I+++, D+++, FB+++)
Reproductive and Endocrine systems: PMS stress and/or tension (I+++, D+++, C+)
Skin: astringent, oily /congested skin, cellulite, water retention, hair loss (C+++, O++)
Psyche/emotion: agitation, depression, irritability, stress-related conditions, anxiety (I+++, D+++, FB++, O+)
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Ayurveda: reduces excess Kapha congestion mentally, physically and emotionally; provides lightness to the heaviness of Kapha

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RECIPES

Inspiring Diffuser Synergy (stock bottle)

1 – 10 ml amber or blue cobalt bottle with European dropper (orifice reducer)
125 drops Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi)
100 drops Rosemary ct. cineole (Rosmarinus officinalis)
75 drops Black pepper (Piper nigrum)

Calm the mind inhaler

1 Empty inhaler tube plus organic cotton wick or pad
12 drops Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
8 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
6 drops Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)

Geranium

Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Ait. var. roseum, syn.
Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L’Hér. ex Willd.

Watch: About Geranium with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: rose geranium, sweet scented geranium
Scientific name: Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Ait. var. roseum
Synonym: Pelargonium asperum Ehrh. ex Willd.
Botanical family: Geraniaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: There are over 260 species of Pelargonium with many of these species originating from the coastal South Africa. The rose-scented pelargonium was cultivated as a hybrid in Europe and was commercially grown in Grasse, France in the early 19th century. Rose geranium is a sturdy much-branched plant to 1.3 meters (4.2 feet) in height.

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of Origin: Reunion Island, Egypt, Madagascar, China
Part of Plant used: Flowering tops
Extraction method: Steam Distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.30 – 2.0%
Color of Oil: Pale yellowish, green

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Geranium essential oil contains over 67+ unique components. It is rich in monoterpene alcohols (33-70+%) and esters (18 – 22+%), supported by nontoxic ketones (7-8%).

Monoterpenols: citronellol (21-39.6%), geraniol (5.9-25.85%), linalool (6.54 – 13%),
Esters: citronellyl formate (8 – 10.66%), geranyl formate (8%)^2,3,4,5

SAFETY INFORMATION

GRAS status.
Small risk of skin sensitization.⁶
Medication alert: Avoid oral use while on diabetes medication and drugs metabolized by CYP2B6 gene enzymes.⁷

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Analgesic^8,9, antibacterial¹⁰, antidepressant¹¹, anti-inflammatory^12,13,14, antifungal (includes yeasts such as Candida albicans)^15,16, antimicrobial¹⁷, antioxidant¹⁸, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anxiolytic¹⁹, hypotensive, vasorelaxant, vulnerary²⁰

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Reproductive, Skin, Circulatory

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Fresh, strong, green, rose-like
Blending factor: 2 – 3
Notes: Mid, Mid to top
Blends well with: Clary sage, lavender, bergamot, cypress, yarrow, jatamansi, valerian, melissa, helichrysum, tea tree, sweet orange, sandalwood, ylang ylang, rose, coriander seed, yuzu, patchouli
Substitutions: Cypress, rose, lemon, yarrow, clary sage

CORE INDICATIONS

General uses: jet lag or imbalance brought on by travel, insect repellents (C+++, Sp+++, I+++)
Nervous system: Postherpetic pain relief²¹ (C+++)
Circulatory system: poor circulation, edema, broken capillaries, hemorrhoids, varicose veins (C+++)
Digestive system: nervous stomach upset (C++, I+++)
Musculoskeletal system: musculoskeletal tension, aches and pain, inflammation (C+++)
Reproductive and Endocrine system: symptoms of hormonal shifts that occur during menstruation, menopause, and puberty; symptoms of PMS, menopausal hot flashes, vaginal candidiasis (C+++, I+++, VP+++)
Skin: oily skin, hormone-related acne, acne; poor circulation in the skin caused by smoking; ringworm; head lice; dandruff; mouth ulcers, thrush (oral), and gum infections; wound and abscess healing; cellulite; fungal or bacterial infections of the skin; rosacea, cold sore (antiviral), acute or chronic inflammatory skin disorders (anti-inflammatory) (C+++, O++)
Psyche/emotion: depressive thinking, anxiety, tension, reduces depression, general agitation, mood swings, and frustration; general fatigue from lack of sleep and/or stress, emotional or physical stress. Geranium oil is an excellent choice in alleviating chronic or acute worry about the future. (C+++, I+++, D+)

Ayurveda: Soothes and enhances prana and udana Vata; reduces Pitta fire and induces calm, centeredness, and compassion; reduces excess Kapha.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): In TCM, geranium is cool and moist, so it will counter heat and inflammation. It also encourages the flow of both Qi and blood.²²

RESEARCH

Human Studies

Geranium essential oil relieves postherpetic neuralgia pain.
A 2003 study published in the American Journal of Medicine, used a multicenter, double-blind crossover study involving five groups to evaluate the use of geranium oil (Pelargonium spp. – chemistry unknown) to relieve postherpetic neuralgia pain. Participants were divided equally and in random order to one of the following groups: 100% geranium oil, 50% geranium oil in mineral oil, 10% geranium oil in mineral oil, or the control: mineral oil USP 100% placebo and a capsaicin 0.025%. Results showed geranium oil to significantly reduce both evoked and spontaneous pain as compared to placebo. Geranium oil relieves pain within minutes and may last several hours (more studies are needed to confirm longevity of application benefits in pain reduction). The paper continued by reporting on the transformation of one participant, who after applying 100% geranium oil was able to resume normal life after being housebound due to magnitude of pain.²³
Geranium may increase salivary estrogen levels.
In this study, the inhalation of geranium essential oil or rose essential oil was found to upregulate estrogen secretion in women currently going through menopause. Further research is warranted.²⁴
Geranium essential oil (Pelargonium graveolens) in gel reduces inflammation and decreases Candida albicans infection in patients with denture stomatitis (an erythematous disorder of the denture-bearing tissues).
A double-blind randomized clinical trial involving 80 participants divided into two groups was conducted to study the effects of geranium essential oil (Pelargonium graveolens) on Denture stomatitis. The participants were divided equally with 40 in each group. One group received a 1% dilution of geranium essential oil in a gel and the control group received a placebo. Gel was recommended to be used twice a day for 14 days. In the 1% geranium in gel group, 34% of patients improved completely compared to only 5% in control group (placebo) and 56% experienced partial recovery versus 25% in control group. The study concluded that geranium essential oil exhibited potential anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity.²⁵
Geranium can reduce anxiety.
In a randomized clinical trial involving 100 women divided into two groups: 50 participants received two drops of 2% concentrated geranium essential oil to inhale and 50 participants received the equal amount as distilled water (placebo control group). The geranium oil was dropped onto similar odorless non-absorbent pieces of fabric attached to the participant’s collar. Anxiety was reduced in both groups with a slightly higher reduction of anxiety with geranium.²⁶ Similar results were obtained from a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 80 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Geranium essential oil inhalation reduced anxiety.²⁷
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Animal Studies

Geranium (Pelargonium asperum) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.
In this study, the researchers induced inflammation in mice, after which geranium oil was applied, using dilutions ranging from 5-50%. The researchers found that geranium oil reduced the measured markers of inflammation in a dose-dependent manner, concluding that dermal application of geranium essential oil, can suppress the inflammatory symptoms of neutrophil accumulation and edema.²⁸In another study, geranium essential oil (botanical species not specified) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity on male Swiss mice. The geranium essential oil also reduced edema. The researchers summarized their findings to support further research on the potential of using geranium essential oil for acute and chronic inflammatory skin disorders. Main components of the geranium oil used in this study were: citronellol (29.13%), geraniol (12.62%), and citronellyl formate (8.06%).²⁸Geranium (Pelargonium roseum) exhibits anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in Swiss albino mice. The geranium oil used was rich in citronellol (35.9%), geraniol (18.5%), linalool (5.7%), δ-selinene (5.5%), iso-menthone (4.2%), citronellyl acetate (3.5%), menthone (2.6%), δ-cadinene (2.5%), and 34 other components.³⁰

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In Vitro Studies

Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) exhibits potent antibacterial activity.
P. graveolens oil exhibited strong activity against the Staphylococcus aureus isolates used in this study, which included multidrug resistant strains, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, and Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance (MLSB)-positive strains.³¹
Geranium Bourbon (Pelargonium graveolens) exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.³²
Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens syn. P. roseum) exhibits antifungal activity.^33,34,35

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Other studies:

Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium ssp.) exhibits mosquito repellent activity.³⁶

Lesson 2: Developing a Wellness Plan

Watch ‘Developing a Wellness Plan’

DEVELOPING AN AROMATIC WELLNESS PROGRAM

Overview of Steps

Step 1: What is your intention? Your goal?
Step 2: What is your focus for the product you will be formulating? (physical, emotional, or both)
Step 3: What is the best method of application? (See chart on next page)
Step 4: What is your approach for selecting essential oils?
Step 5: Select Core, Enhancer, and Harmonizing essential oils
Step 6: At What Dilution? What is the best dilution based upon goals, method of application, and client age, health concerns, medication, and constitution.
Step 7: Formulate your synergy first. Drops are based upon method of application and dilution rate selected for each product.
Step 8: If blending into base product, formulate base or prepare pre-made base for adding in essential oils.

Based upon method of application, use the appropriate formulation worksheet to design your product.

Step 9: Make your product
Step 10: Label product and provide to client or customer.
Step 11: Follow up with client
Step 12: Reformulate or add additional wellness product.

Keep good notes!

Steps in Formulating Aromatic Product

Step 1: What is your intention? Your goal?

Upon completion of the consultation, the following questions could serve as starting points to creating your intention and goal for the client’s wellness plan.

What appears to be the overall perception of the core problem/issue?
Should I be treating the physical ailment, the mental/ emotional element, or the spiritual/energetic element? How can I combine the three?
If a physical disorder is present, is it chronic or acute? If there is acute pain, is it contraindicated for massage, or could I attempt to treat it symptomatically with one form of treatment?
What is the client’s goal in having this treatment and what is my intention? Does the client have a willingness in the healing process?
Should I consider using flower essences, gem stones, etc.
What information do I feel I have intuitively received?
How can I utilize essential oils to facilitate the healing process?
Which essential oils immediately come to mind for this individual?
Do I need to refer this client for diagnosis or other treatments, e.g., chiropractic?

Step 2: What is your focus for the product you will be formulating?

Three possible focus categories include:

• Physiological Approach
Based upon the consultation, you may decide to blend solely for the physiological condition presented. A physiological approach to blending bases the selection of essential oils upon their therapeutic actions (e.g. expectorant, antispasmodic) and often supported by chemistry (either by family: for example, rich in monoterpenols or component: for example, rich in limonene).

The physiological approach places its emphasis on the therapeutic activity of the blend rather than the aroma (although, that may still be important). If one is blending for a physical ailment, there will certainly be times when the aroma is not necessarily “pleasant,” however it will continue to act effectively on the condition being treated.

Example of a physiologically based synergy:
This is a synergy designed for the treatment of adult chronic bronchitis and lowered immune response.

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus): Expectorant and respiratory stimulant. This activity is supported by its main component: the ether 1,8 cineole syn. eucalyptol.
Rosemary ct. camphor (Rosmarinus officinalis): General expectorant and strong mucolytic activity. This activity is supported by its main components: camphor and 1,8 cineole.
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita): Opens up airways and enhances immune system. This activity is supported by its main components: the alcohol, menthol, and ketone, menthone.
Thyme ct. thymol (Thymus vulgaris): Supports and enhances immune system, mucolytic, moves stagnation. This activity is supported by its main component: the phenol, thymol.

• Emotional/Mental/Spiritual Approach
On the other hand, you may wish to blend solely based upon the emotional/mental/spiritual aspects of the client. When blending for emotional/mental/spiritual purposes, the emphasis is placed on the aroma of the blend and its emotional/subtle therapeutic properties.

Example of an emotional design:
This is a blend designed for an individual who has a high degree of stress, feels ungrounded, is having a difficult time feeling self-worth, and suffers with bouts of anxiety.

Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides): to ground and center, reduce anxiety and stress
Frankincense (Boswellia carteri): for all around healing purposes, reduce anxiety and stress
Rose (Rosa x damascena): for self-nurturing and self-love, to calm and soothe

• Holistic (Combination) Approach
Most often an aromatherapy blend is designed to address the whole person and hence includes essential oils for physical, mental/emotional, and spiritual/energetic purposes. For this type of blend, both its therapeutic intent as well as its perceived pleasantness of aroma by the client is important.

Example of a combination design:
This blend is designed for an individual who is currently experiencing tension, tightness, and general discomfort in the neck and shoulders. Underlying this condition is incredible stress due to time pressures at work and financial concerns. The individual is also feeling anxious, tired, and a bit depressed about her ability to remain calm at home given the circumstances at work and with finances.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum): for its analgesic properties as well as its ability to provide strength and courage
Clary sage (Salvia sclarea): antidepressant; for its euphoric and calming abilities; it supports and enhances black pepper and peppermint for the relief of muscular aches and pains; soothes anxiety
Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi): to provide an uplifting element to overall blend; good for stress-related conditions and supports the release of tension/anxiety
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita): to support black pepper as an analgesic; to enhance energy flow to avoid stagnation and fatigue

Step 3: What is the best method of application?

Step 4: What is your approach for selecting essential oils?

Morphology
The Aromatic Palette
System Affinities/Therapeutic Actions
Chemical Family
If blending with base oils, utilize ‘dynamic blending’ philosophy

Step 5: Select Core, Enhancer, and Harmonizing essential oils

The Aromatic Studies Structure for Selecting Essential Oils
Designing Your Synergy (combination of essential oils only, prior to putting in product)

A synergy is the combination of three to five essential oils without a carrier oil or other base product, such as a cream or lotion. Creating an effective synergy requires a deep understanding of one’s repertoire of essential oils, a solid treatment plan based upon the information gained from the consultation, and a blending approach. Designing an effective synergy or combination of essential oils is the first step toward developing the individualized aromatherapy product for your client and/or product line. The following structure may be used in selecting essential oils.

➤ Core essential oil
The core essential oil is chosen based upon your primary purpose/goal and is considered the heart of the synergy. For example, if a client comes in with chronic tendinitis, which is causing great stress due to the pain, then your primary purpose could be the relief of pain and inflammation in the subacute phase of tendinitis. The secondary purpose could be to provide relief from stress.

Let’s say we choose Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) for its ability to reduce pain and inflammation. Lavender is also beneficial for the relief of stress.

➤ Enhancer essential oil
The enhancer essential oil strengthens the core essential oil in its purpose and therapeutic action. For instance, above we have chosen an essential oil for its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties. We could choose German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) for its reputation as one of the best anti-inflammatory agents and for its ability to relieve stress. German chamomile will not only enhance the therapeutic activity of the first essential oil but will also add to its psychological benefits as well.

➤ Harmonizing essential oil
The harmonizing essential oil supports and enhances the vitality and purpose of the overall synergy. The harmonizing essential oil often has a decisive impact on the overall aroma and is chosen for both its aroma and ability to enhance the goals of the synergy.

If you are creating a blend solely for a physical condition, then the essential oil chosen can simply further the goal of the above two essential oils or, if it is possible to address an emotional aspect of the condition, then the harmonizing essential oil can be added for its influence on the emotional state of the individual and hence the aroma of the final blend.

Based upon the primary purpose of the above blend, we could add sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana) to support the analgesic and relaxing/soothing properties of lavender and German chamomile.

➤ Additional essential oils
If it is desired or warranted, you can decide to add one or two additional essential oils. These additions would be either an enhancer or harmonizing essential oil. For instance, continuing on with the client above, you could decide that an additional essential oil would be of benefit for the overall effectiveness of the treatment. Let’s say we add helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum) for its anti-inflammatory and healing properties. The final synergy would be a combination of lavender, German chamomile, sweet marjoram, and helichrysum.

Do they smell good together?

Once the essential oils have been chosen, the next step is to ensure they smell good together. This is always done before blending them together. Remove the caps from all four bottles, place them together in your hands to ensure that all the bottle neck openings are the same height, and then waft the bottles under your nose. Notice if they complement one another, if they smell good together, and if they appear to merge well as a group. If one essential oil seems to not merge very well with the others, you may decide to replace that one with another of similar therapeutic action. Whether blending for emotional/mental/spiritual or physical benefits, the oils should be complementary to one another in action and aroma.

Step 6: At What Dilution?

What is the best dilution based upon goals, method of application, and client age, health concerns, medication, and constitution.

The subject of appropriate dose is probably the most controversial aspect of contemporary Western herbal medicine. This could be said of the practice of aromatherapy as well. The vast majority of traditional aromatherapists adopt a low dilution, between 1 and 3 percent, when blending with essential oils. High dosages and undiluted applications are still considered by many within the aromatherapy industry to be highly controversial, while others believe that these higher dilutions are warranted at certain times and for specific conditions.

Indeed, many research and empirical studies appear to be confirming that sometimes a higher dilution and even an undiluted application is what is called for, particularly if treating a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. And while it would not be prudent to assume one dosage is necessarily worthier or more correct or incorrect than another, it is necessary to understand that dosage decisions are truly based upon the practitioner’s knowledge and experience with applying essential oils as well as available safety knowledge.

As aromatherapy practitioners, you may choose to work with two or three blends with different dilutions.
For instance, you may choose to use a 5 percent dilution for localized treatment of acute muscular aches and pains of the neck and back and a 1 percent dilution for a customized face cream. Indeed, higher dilutions are often meant to be applied to a smaller, more localized area whereas a lower dilution may be utilized for massage oils, lotions, creams, and/or more emotional treatment work. Perhaps in the future, as aromatherapy develops, more defined or coherent guidelines for dosage will arise. For now, dosage decisions must be made within a framework of reasons.

Dilution depend on:

the condition being treated and whether it is in an acute or chronic state
the method of application and the area of the body to be covered
the safety data of essential oils to be used, including established guidelines when applicable
the integrity of the skin
the age of the individual who will be using the blend/synergy
the specific goal of treatment
the knowledge and confidence of the practitioner
the current commonly or generally accepted dilution

General Guidelines for Dermal Application

Essential Oil Dilution Chart
Carrier oil in ounces	.5% dilution	1%	2.5%	3%	5%	10%
½ ounce	1-3 drops	3-5 drops	8-11 drops	9-13 drops	15-23 drops	30-46 drops
1 ounce	3-5 drops	6-9 drops	15-23 drops	18-27 drops	30-45 drops	60-90 drops
2 ounces	6-10 drops	12-18 drops	30-46 drops	36-54 drops	60-90 drops	120-180 drops
4 ounces	12-20 drops	24-36 drops	60-92 drops	72-108 drops	120-180 drops	240-360 drops
**This chart includes the traditional dosage plus changes in drops by Tisserand and Young (2013) which tended to be higher than the traditional dosage as taught by most of us in the world of aromatherapy.

Dilution Rate and Indications
Dilution in %	Purpose and Indications
0	Essential oils should not be used for infants under 6 months of age unless absolutely necessary.
0.25% - 0.5%	Infants 6 months or older, frail or elderly individuals, immune compromised individuals
< 3%	Sensitive and fragile mucus membranes, e.g. nasal or auricular applications. Repairing action on the external layers of the skin
1%	Children 2-5 years old, pregnancy; facial creams
1.5%	Subtle aromatherapy, emotional and energetic work, pregnancy, frail or elderly individuals, facial creams and lotions, exfoliants
Between 2 - 5%	Action on the nervous system, emotional well-being, and response to daily stress. Action on the endocrine system. Holistic aromatherapy, general massage work, general skincare, massage oils, lotions, facial oils, body oils, and body butters.
7%	Action on venous and lymphatic circulation. General strength for most blends. This is a stronger dilution that can be used for treatment massage and localized treatment work, wound healing, body oils and butters, and salves.
10%	Action on the joints, tendons, muscles and inflammation. This is a stronger dilution for muscular aches and pains, trauma injury, treatment massage, acute physical pain, localized treatment work, and salves. skin infection/dermatophytes
20%	Similar indications to 10% or 30%. This is the highest dilution rate recommended for dermacaustic essential oils (essential oils that are rich in phenols and aldehydes)
30%	Powerful local action. Warts, acute trauma to the musculoskeletal system, skin infection/dermatophytes
30 - 50%	For acute treatments with non-aggressive essential oils
Undiluted	For localized frictions. Antispasmodic (e.g. muscles, coughs), expectorant, antimicrobial, warming and acute trauma with non-aggressive essential oils

Ylang Ylang

Ylang ylang

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F.& Thoms.

Watch: About Ylang Ylang with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Ylang ylang
Scientific name: Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson
Botanical family: Annonaceae
Conservation status: Least concern¹

Description: Cananga odorata, commonly known as ylang-ylang, is a fast-growing perennial tree in the Annonaceae family native to tropical Asia. C. odorata is a medium-sized, slim, smooth-barked evergreen that grows up to 25 meters height. The tree features long, drooping branches. Leaves are alternate, ovate-oblong to broadly elliptic, shiny and dark green above, duller and lighter green beneath, with wavy margins. The flowers are highly fragrant, arranged in 4-12 flower hanging axillary umbels. Each flower has six slightly thickened twisted, pointed, hairy petals. These are 4-6 cm long, green when young, and yellow to yellowish-brown when mature. Fruits are ovoid and dark green to black. Seeds are hard, flattened, ovoid, pitted, and pale brown in color.

Ylang-ylang is native to Southeast Asia, including the Philippines and Malaysia, has been naturalized in the Pacific islands including Australia, and was introduced to China, India, Africa, and the United States due to its economic value. Ylang-ylang is cultivated at a large scale for use in the fragrance industry. Essential oils are extracted from the flowers via steam distillation, and are used in cosmetics, massage oils, moisturizing creams, perfumes, scented candles, and in food applications.

Ethnobotany: C. odorata has long been valued for its medicinal properties. Polynesians traditionally used the fragrant flowers to scent massage oils, while people in Java and Vietnam used the dried flowers to treat malaria. Fresh flowers pounded into a paste were used as an asthma remedy. Traditional healers in the Northern Mariana Islands used the flowers and bark to treat pneumonia and stomach ache. Indonesians used ylang-ylang oil as an aphrodisiac, and to reduce anxiety around sex. The plant has been used to relieve depression and nervousness. In India, ylang-ylang leaves were applied topically to treat dandruff, and the oil was used to relieve headaches, inflammation of the eyes, and gout. A decoction of the bark was used to treat rheumatism, ulcers, fevers, and ophthalmia. In Papua New Guinea a decoction of the inner bark was used to treat gout and stomach ailments. People of Tonga and Samoa have used the plant as a laxative.² In Tagalog ylang-ylang means “flower of flowers”.³

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Reunion Islands, Comoros, Madagascar
Part of plant used: Flowers
Extraction method: Distillation/hydrodistillation (up to 6 fractions are removed)
Essential oil yield: 2.0 – 2.5%
Color of oil: Clear, pale yellow

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Ylang ylang is a fractionated essential oil, meaning different fractions are removed based on distillation time. Currently there are five grades available: Extra Super, Extra, First, Second, and Third.⁴ Ylang ylang complete is a combination of the first four distillates.⁵ During the distillation process, the grades become richer in less volatile compounds (sesquiterpenes) and poorer in volatile compounds (esters, aldehydes, alcohols, etc.).

Let’s explore the chemistry of ylang ylang in more depth.

Chemical Variation in Ylang Ylang Fractions^6,7
Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata forma genuina)

The three most common fractions in the market are (all major components have been listed):

Ylang ylang #1: linalool (23.3%), benzyl acetate (28.73%), geranyl acetate (9.02%), p-cresyl methyl ether (12.778%)
Ylang ylang #2: linalool (12.3%), benzyl acetate (25.68%), geranyl acetate (22.41%)
Ylang ylang #3: linalool (3.44%), benzyl acetate (6.43%), geranyl acetate (21.89%), Germacrene-D (13.32%), Benzyl benzoate (10.49%)

What’s the Difference?
Not a huge difference per se, mostly subtle difference in ester content and sesquiterpene content. Ylang ylang extra has a higher content of monoterpene alcohol components (>20%) [specifically, linalool) versus the complete (<4%). This could indicate that ylang ylang extra may be of slightly more benefit to the skin. Both have a similar ester content supporting their antispasmodic activity. Ylang ylang complete has a much higher content of benzyl benzoate. All in all, this comparison helps to understand why and how different fractions of ylang ylang can be applied for their similar therapeutic actions.

SAFETY INFORMATION

Cutaneous route: Moderate skin sensitizer.⁸ Caution when applying to hypersensitive, diseased or damaged skin.
Children and Infants: It is recommended to avoid dermal application of ylang ylang essential oil to children under 2 years of age.⁹
GRAS status.

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Analgesic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, hypotensive, nervine

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Nervous, Psyche/emotion

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Warm, exotic, sweet, heavy, sensual
Blending factor: 4
Note: Mid note, mid to base
Blends well with: Sweet orange, ginger, cinnamon leaf, lavender, bergamot, rose, cardamom, mandarin, , clary sage, geranium, jasmine, sandalwood, palmarosa, lime
Substitutions: Neroli, cinnamon leaf, patchouli

CORE INDICATIONS

Circulatory system: hypertension (high blood pressure), stress-induced tachycardia (heart palpitations form acute stress) (I+++, D++, C++, Fb++)
Reproductive and Endocrine systems: male impotence, PMS (low self-esteem), dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, PMT (premenstrual tension) (I+++, C+++, D++)
Skin: oily/combination skin, aging or stressed skin, scalp tonic¹⁰, regulates sebum (C+++)
Psyche/emotion: can help soothe and reduce anxiety, anger, and fright, antidepressant, very calming, reassuring, brings feelings of inner trust, aphrodisiac, euphoria, joy and peace, builds self-confidence, releases endorphins helping to reduce pain and create euphoric mood, considered to be one of the best aphrodisiacs, bereavement, separation, post-traumatic stress syndrome, nervous tension or depression, frigidity (I+++, D+++, C++)
____________
Ayurveda: Soothes excess vata (anxiety, fear) and pitta (anger, frustration), balancing for kapha
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Clears heat from the heart while simultaneously harmonizing the mind (Shen).¹¹

RESEARCH

Human Studies

• Inhalation of Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil exhibits harmonizing activity.

In a 2004 placebo controlled study, researchers set out to study the potential effects of inhalation of ylang ylang essential oil on the autonomic nervous system as well as the mental and emotional response, as well as to elucidate the potential mechanisms of action for these effects. Twenty-four health volunteers participated in the study. Two groups consisting of 12 individuals were formed. In the ylang ylang group, participants inhaled ylang ylang for 20 minutes. The individuals in the placebo group, inhaled a placebo substance for 20 minutes. Breathing rate, pulse rate, and skin temperature were taken in each session. A baseline session using placebo only for all individuals was performed prior to the ylang ylang session and placebo session. Each participant also shared their subjective mental and emotional response to what they experienced during their inhalation session. The study found that the inhalation of ylang ylang decreased pulse rate, decreased systolic blood pressure, and decreased physiological arousal (decrease of sympathetic tone). Interestingly, participants in the ylang ylang group rated themselves more alert and attentive.

The researchers concluded that while ylang ylang decreases physiological arousal, subjectively it appears to make some individuals feel more alert and attentive. The researchers called this effect: harmonization. In their words “The effects of ylang ylang oil may be characterized by the concept of ‘harmonization’ rather than relaxation /sedation.”¹²

This concept of harmonization has also been exhibited by lavender, sandalwood, and sweet orange essential oils.^13,14

• Dermal application of Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil exhibits relaxing effect.

In this 2006 study, designed to study the effect of ylang ylang essential oil when applied to the skin, each participant had oxygen supplied through an inhalation set (like an oxygen mask) to avoid physiological reactions due to inhalation of aroma. The study included forty participants. Participants were placed in one of two groups: the ylang ylang group or the control group. Each group consisted of 20 participants.

The ylang ylang group applied 1ml of a 20% (w/w) dilution of ylang ylang in sweet almond oil to the skin of the lower abdomen. They were instructed to massage the oil into the skin for 5 minutes. The control group followed the same protocol but with only sweet almond oil.

The physiological parameters that were studied included: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, skin temperature, breathing rate, and pulse rate. Participants rated their mental and emotional state using specific words such as: relaxed, vigor, calmness, attentiveness, alertness, and mood. Results showed that dermal application of ylang ylang essential oil significantly reduced blood pressure (a decrease in sympathetic tone) and increased skin temperature. Participants in the ylang ylang group rated themselves calmer and more relaxed then the control group participants.

These findings are likely to represent a relaxing effect of the ylang ylang oil and provide some evidence for the usage of the ylang ylang essential oil in aromatherapy as a hypotensive and antidepressant, and for it’s ability to reduce stress.¹⁵

• Inhalation of a blend of ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) and Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is effective in reducing stress, sympathetic nervous system activity, lower blood pressure and to reduce serum cortisol levels.¹⁶

A 2018 randomized single blind control study published in the The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, set out to study investigate on the effects of essential oil inhalation on stress index, sympathetic/parasympathetic nerve activities, cortisol, and blood pressure after exposure to noise and arithmetic subtraction stressor. The study included 95 participants divided into three groups: experimental group (33) or or placebo group (31) or control group (31). The experiential group was given a 1:1 blend of lavender and ylang ylang essential oils. Two drops of the synergy were placed on an aromastone set 10cm away from participants nose. Each participant was instructed to ensure they were in a comfortable position and then to inhale the ‘aroma’ for 10 minutes. The placebo group inhaled a 0.9% saline solution and the control group was made comfortable in room but had no inhalation. Measurements of stress index, sympathetic/parasympathetic nerve activities, cortisol levels, systolic/diastolic blood pressure were conducted at base line, after stressor was presented, 10 minutes after treatment, and finally, 30 minutes after treatment.

The study found that the inhalation of lavender/ylang ylang blend significantly reduced stress, sympathetic nervous system activity, lower blood pressure and to reduce serum cortisol levels. Blood pressure and sympathetic nervous activity actually went below base line for those in the experimental group.¹⁷

• Inhalation of Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) essential oil exhibits sedative activity.

In a small study involving 10 participants, researchers studied the physiological responses to the inhalation of ylang ylang. The study measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse rate, stress index, and brain wave after sniffing the essential oil samples. The inhalation of ylang ylang reduced blood pressure, stress levels, and exhibited sedative activity.¹⁸

• Inhalation of ylang ylang essential oil reduces heart rate and blood pressure and exhibits sedative activity when administered to healthy men.¹⁹

• A combination of lemon, ylang ylang and lavender used via inhalation lowers systolic blood pressure and sympathetic nerve system activity.²⁰

• Ylang ylang and Anise oil in Coconut oil serves as effective treatment for head lice.

The natural remedy, which contains coconut oil, anise oil and Ylang ylang oil, was applied to the hair of infested children three times at 5 day intervals. Each treatment lasted for 15 minutes. The control pediculicide was a spray formulation containing permethrin, malathion, piperonyl butoxide, isododecane and propellant gas, which was applied twice for 10 minutes with a 10-day interval between applications. Treatment was successful with the natural remedy in 60 children (92.3%) and with the control pediculicide in 59 children (92.2%).²¹

Roman Chamomile

Roman chamomile

Chamaemelum nobile L. All.

Watch: About Roman chamomile with Jade Shutes

Listen to Jade discuss the beauty and amazing therapeutics of Roman chamomile

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Roman chamomile
Scientific name: Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.
Synonyms: Anthemis nobilis L.
Botanical family: Asteraceae
Conservation status: Least concern¹

Description: Roman chamomile is a low-growing evergreen perennial of the Asteraceae family native to North Africa and western Europe. Chamaelmelum nobile was formerly classified by the Latin name Anthemis nobilis. C. nobile forms a spreading mat of aromatic foliage that grows 3-6” tall with decumbent stems spreading 12” wide. The flowers, yellow-centered with daisy-like white rays, bloom throughout the summer and into early fall. The foliage is tufted, creeping, and redolent of apples when bruised.²

Roman chamomile is greyish-green in color, with fine, thread-like leaves that give the whole plant a feathery appearance. Blooms are borne singly on long, erect stalks that droop when in bud. The fruit is small and dry, and as it matures it increases the conical appearance of the center of the flower. Roman chamomile thrives in dry, sandy soil in full sun to partial shade.³

Chamaemelum nobile was historically noted for its distinct apple scent. The Greeks named it “ground apple” — kamai (on the ground) and melon (apple); the Spanish called it manzanilla, meaning “little apple.” It was used in the Middle Ages as an aromatic strewing herb, and planted as ground cover on green walks in gardens. Chamomile thrives underfoot, a commonly known quality of the plant articulated in this verse by Maud Grieve’s “A Modern Herbal,”

Like a camomile bed
The more it is trodden
The more it will spread

Ethnobotany: Chamomile was thought of as the “Plant’s Physician,” and sowed in gardens to heal sickly plants.⁴

C. nobile is one of the earliest documented botanicals used for medicinal purposes. In traditional medicine, it was used topically to treat wounds, irritations, and infections. Taken internally, it calmed the nerves, promoted sleep, and eased gastrointestinal upset.⁵

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Italy, France, United States, Hungary, Chile, Germany
Part of plant used: Flowers
Extraction method: Steam distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.6-2.4%
Color of oil: Yellow to clear

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Twenty-eight to thirty-one unique components make up 98% of the essential oil of Roman chamomile. Core components include a mix of unique ester components with iso-butyl angelate (32.1-36%), 2-methylbutyl angelate (16.2-20.3%), iso-amyl-angelate (15.5 – 20.5%) and iso-butyl butyrate (5.1-6.2%). Other components include:

Monoterpenes (approximately 4%): α-pinene (1.2-10%), β-pinene (0.2-10%), α-terpene (0-10%), sabinene (0-10%), camphene (0-0.8%), myrcene (0-1.9%), γ-terpinene (0-0.5%), ρ-cymene (<0.5%)
Sesquiterpenes: β-selinene, sabinene (0-10%), α- and β-caryophyllene (0-10%), chamazulene, copaene (0-0.5%), β-copaene, δ-cadinene, bisabolene (up to 4.18%)
Ketones: pinocarvone (2 -13%)
Esters (upwards of 80%): iso-butyl angelate (32.1-38.5%), iso-butyl butyrate (5.1-6.2%), iso-amyl-angelate (15.5 – 20.5%), 2-butenyl angelate (7.9-8.4%), methyl isobutyrate (7-8%), methylbutyl angelate (13-20.3%), 2-methylbutyl angelate (16.2-20.3%), isobutyl isobutyrate (5.3%), methyl 2-methylbutyrate (1.9%), 2-methylbutyl-2-methylbutyrate (1.2%) and 2-methylbutyl acetate (1.2%) and more.^8,9

SAFETY INFORMATION

Cautions: Despite reports of skin reactions and dermatitis from topical use of chamomile, the likelihood of chamomile preparations causing a contact allergy is low. However, people with known sensitivities to other members of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family (including ragweed, daisies, and chrysanthemums) may want to avoid topical application of chamomile or chamomile products.¹⁰
If concerned, you may choose to perform a patch test on individuals prone to hypersensitivities, especially if they are sensitive to ragweed or other members of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family.

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

System of the Body	Action
Skin:	antipruritic, vulnerary
Musculoskeletal system:	analgesic¹¹
Digestive system:	digestive
Urinary system:	antidiuretic¹²
Immune system:	febrifuge
Psyche/emotion:	anxiolytic, nervine, relaxant, sedative¹³
General:	anti-inflammatory¹⁴, antimicrobial, antispasmodic¹⁵

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Digestive, Skin

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Sweet, fruity, apple-like, strong
Blending factor: 1
Notes: Mid to top
Blends well with: Ammi visnaga, Angelica root, carrot seed, clary sage, German chamomile, katrafay, lavender, sweet marjoram, mandarin, melissa, turmeric
Substitutions: Lavender, sweet marjoram, melissa, German chamomile, cape chamomile

CORE INDICATIONS

General: Earache (place one to two drops of Roman chamomile and one to two drops of Helichrysum italicum just behind the ear before bed – can dilute 1:1 or 1:2 (vegetable oil: essential oil). Toothache, teething (best to use hydrosol or German chamomile tea). (C+++)
Digestive system: Indigestion, colic, stress-related digestive upset, hemorrhoids (sitz baths with Chamaemelum nobilis, Salvia sclarea, and Cupressus sempervirens), intestinal parasites (oral), bloating, flatulence, digestive spasms. (C+++, I+++, O+++)
Musculoskeletal system: Spasms, cramps, plantar fasciitis, tendonitis, fibromyalgia, carpal tunnel syndrome, bursitis, restless leg syndrome. Relieves muscle tension. (C+++, I++, D+)
Nervous system: Insomnia; headache or migraine triggered by stress; hyperactivity in children. Particularly good for symptoms or conditions which manifest in response to stress. Nervous shock, stress, anxiety, insomnia. (I+++, C+++, D+++, O++)
Reproductive (generative) and endocrine systems: Dysmenorrhea, PMS, irregular periods, sore breasts. Postpartum perineal healing (C+++, I+++, D++, Fb+)
Skin: Inflamed skin conditions: dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, hives. Broken capillaries, acne, fungal infections, skin ulcers, slow-healing wounds, razor burn, itchy skin conditions. Abscesses (warm or hot compresses). (C+++)
Psyche/emotion: Use for an overactive mind, anger, sensitive people who feel misunderstood or badly hurt, frustration, agitation, nervous stress, hyperactivity in children, stress-related conditions, and anxiety. (I+++, D+++, O+)
___________

Ayurveda: May be beneficial for pitta mental states in rajasic mode, presenting anger, recklessness, impulsiveness, and aggression. Energetically cooling. Use for imbalances of vata resulting in anxiety and nervousness.
____________

RESEARCH

Human Studies

Massage with or without Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) essential oil reduces anxiety in cancer patients in a palliative care setting. Massage with Roman chamomile may increase quality of life.

In a small study designed to test the effects of massage alone or aromatherapy massage using Roman chamomile essential oil on cancer patients in a palliative care setting. Eighty-seven patients completed the study. Each patient was allocated to one of two groups and received three full body massages over 3 consecutive weeks. The Roman chamomile group received massage with sweet almond oil and Roman chamomile oil (dilution not specified), the control group received massage with sweet almond oil only. Although both massage and massage with Roman chamomile proved effective at reducing anxiety and increasing relaxation. One significant difference that occurred post test: patients in the Roman chamomile group had significantly better quality of life, with greater improvement in their physical and psychological symptoms then patients in the almond oil only group.¹⁶

In Vitro

Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) essential oil exhibits antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria and Candida albicans.¹⁷
Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) essential oil exhibits smooth muscle relaxant activity.¹⁸

Peppermint

Mentha x piperita L. (pro sp.)

Watch: About Peppermint with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Peppermint
Scientific name: Mentha × piperita L. (pro sp.)
Botanical family: Lamiaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: Mentha x piperita is an aromatic herb in the Lamiaceae family native to the Mediterranean, and cultivated throughout the world. Peppermint is a hybrid of spearmint (Mentha spicata) and water mint (Mentha aquatica). M. x piperita is a rhizomatous, upright perennial that typically grows 1-2 feet tall and wide, but will spread further via rhizomes to form a ground cover. The leaves are 1-2 inches long, dark green, toothed, and rounded to lance-shaped. Flowers bloom in summer, are small, pink to lavender, and grow in terminal spikes. They rarely set seed. Peppermint grows best in rich, moist soils in full sun to part shade. The plant can adapt to a wide range of soils except for dry ones.¹

The term ‘‘Mentha’’ reportedly derives from Greek mythology. According to the lore, Mentha, or Minthe, was the name of a naiad and lover of Pluto, god of the underworld. His wife Persephone, incensed by his infidelity, trampled Minthe to the ground, transforming her into mint.

Peppermint essential oil is extracted by steam distillation of the aerial parts prior to flowering. The oil is used in cosmetic, personal hygiene, food, and pharmaceutical preparations, and is valued for its spicy and refreshing properties.²

Ethnobotany: According to Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (circa 23-79 CE), Greeks and Romans adorned themselves and their tables with peppermint at feasts, and the herb was used to flavor wine and sauces. M. x piperita was likely cultivated by Egyptians, and its use is documented in Icelandic medical documents dating back to the 13th century. Aristotle (circa 384-322 BCE) notes the use of peppermint as an aphrodisiac, and Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) barred his soldiers from using peppermint because it was believed to pacify them and encourage erotic thoughts. Arabs used peppermint in their social drinks to stimulate virility.

In traditional herbal medicine, peppermint has been used to relieve gas, spasms, and other digestive maladies. The herb has been used to treat cholera and diarrhea, induce perspiration, treat colds and flu, as well as to alleviate disorders of the nervous system, including tension headaches.³

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: France, England, USA
Part of plant used: Leaves
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.9-3%
Color of oil: Pale yellow, clear

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Forty-three+ unique components make up 99.8% of the whole essential oil of peppermint.
The core components include: menthol (30-60%) and menthone (14-32%).
Other components include:

Monoterpenes: ⍺-pinene (0.55%), β-pinene (0.80%), ⍺-phellandrene (0.05%), sabinene (0.38%), myrcene (0.32%), p-cymene (0.25%), ⍺-terpinene (0.19%), limonene (3.29%), ⍺-terpinene (0.32%), β-ocimene (0.20%)
Sesquiterpenes: b-caryophyllene (1.61%), y-cadinene (0.06%)
Monoterpenols: linalool (0.39%), menthol (36.9%)
Esters: methyl acetate (2.8-10%)
Ketones: carvone (3.82%), piperitone (0.76%), isomenthone (2-10%)
Ether (oxide): caryophyllene oxide (0.12%), 1,8 cineole (3.5-14%)
Phenylpropanoids: trans-anethole (1.26%)^4,5,6

SAFETY INFORMATION

Contraindication for Infants: Peppermint essential oils is contraindicated via any route for infants. (*Can use hydrosols!) Avoid application on or near the face with small children due to risk of respiratory spasm (spasms of the tongue) and respiratory arrest.⁷
Contraindications for Oral Route: Peppermint essential oil is contraindicated for individuals with achlorhydria (absence of free hydrochloric acid in gastric juice), obstruction of bile ducts, gallbladder inflammation, or severe liver damage.⁸
Avoid undiluted application to open wounds and sensitive skin.
Peppermint is a potent essential oil and can have differing effects depending on concentration used. Reactions to peppermint range from mildly heating or cooling to burning.
Caution when using internally for individuals who have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).⁹
Potential Adverse Events (Oral use): The primary adverse effects of utilizing peppermint essential oil internally are: heartburn and reflux.¹⁰ This is reduced when using time-release enteric-coated capsules.
Peppermint oil is considered to be safe for pregnant or breast-feeding women when used in moderation.¹¹
Maximum recommended adult daily oral dose: 6-12 drops a day divided into 2-3 doses throughout day

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Digestive: anti-emetic, carminative, digestive, choleretic
Respiratory: antitussive, decongestant, expectorant, mucolytic, secretolytic
Psyche/emotions: cephalic, stimulant
Musculoskeletal: analgesic
General: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antiviral, insecticidal

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Digestive, Respiratory, Musculoskeletal

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Fresh, menthol, clean, cool, strong
Blending factor: 1 to 2
Note: Top, Top to mid
Blends well with: Laurel, rosemary ct. cineole, lemon, spearmint, niaouli, ravintsara, Litsea cubeba, clary sage, fennel, Eucalyptus globulus, E. radiata, other Eucalyptus spp., hyssop ct. cineole, thyme ct. linalool or ct. thymol or ct. geraniol, juniper berry, coriander seed, tarragon
Substitutions: Rosemary ct. cineole, Juniper berry, Ginger or Caraway seed (digestive system)

CORE INDICATIONS

Circulatory system: sluggish circulation (use with rosemary or black pepper), varicose veins, Raynaud’s disease (C+++)
Digestive system: travel sickness, spasms of the gastrointestinal tract, stomach upsets, colic, cramping, halitosis, dyspepsia, excess gas, flatulence with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, irritable bowel syndrome¹², spastic colon, post-surgical nausea, headaches associated with digestive tension¹³ (O+++, C+++, I+++, D+, Fb+)
Musculoskeletal system: spasms, muscular stiffness, aches and pains, tight muscles, rheumatism, pain, fibromyalgia, sprains, arthritis, strains, plantar fasciitis, tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, sciatica, bursitis, bruises, can reduce swelling and pain¹⁴ (C+++, I+, Fb+++)
Nervous system: mental fatigue, shingles, tension headache¹⁵, migraine, neuralgia, travel sickness, shock/trauma, inability to focus, shingles (C+++, I+++, O++)
Reproductive system: dysmenorrhea, painful cramps (C+++)
Respiratory system: bronchitis, halitosis, sinusitis, spasmodic cough, head cold, common cold, congestion, sinusitis, flu (O+++, C+++, I+++, D+)
Psyche/emotion: fatigue, clears the mind, stimulating, invigorating and uplifting, dislike of exercise, limited communication skills, low self-esteem, nervous depression, lethargy, apathy, mental fatigue, aids concentration (use with rosemary), inspires enthusiasm (I+++, C+++, D+)
_______________
Ayurveda: Indicated for excess Kapha, cooling to Pitta conditions, supports the movement of the breath (Vata).
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): In TCM, peppermint is energetically cool and dry, helping to circulate Qi-energy, clear hot phlegm, and stimulates the nerves and brain.¹⁶

Research

Peppermint essential oil has been extensively studied and reviewed. We provide a few examples below.

General

Peppermint is routinely offered in many chemotherapy units in the United States and England to prevent and relieve nausea. Inhalation is recommended at a low dosage: 2 to 3 drops on a cotton swab.¹⁷

Human Studies

• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil has antispasmodic activity, reducing spasms in the intestinal tract.^18,19,20

• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil is effective for relieving headache²¹.
A randomized, double-blind, controlled study showed that applying a 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution to the forehead and temples can significantly reduce headache intensity in tension-type headaches, making it an effective remedy for such headaches.²²

• Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil is an effective anti-emetic for post-operative nausea.²³

• Peppermint essential oil improves cognition and attenuates mental fatigue.
In a small double-blind, placebo-controlled balanced cross-over study involving 24 participants, researchers set out to assess the cognitive/mood effects of Mentha x piperita essential oil when taken internally. The participants were divided into three groups: 100 microliter Peppermint essential oil in vegetable oil; 50 microliters peppermint essential oil, and placebo (vegetable oil). Each participant received two capsules to consumer with 200 ml full fat milk. The study revealed that at the higher dosage, peppermint essential oil was able to improve performance, memory, and attenuate mental fatigue from the day long testing.²⁴

In Vitro Studies

Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.²⁵
Peppermint essential oil exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against an array of pathogenic microbes including Candida albicans.²⁶
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil and its active component, menthol, exhibit anti-emetic activity.²⁷
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil oil exhibited carminative activity, indicating its potential usefulness in treating excess gas (flatulence) as well as relieving abdominal pain.²⁸
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) essential oil exhibits virucidal activity against the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2).²⁹

Patchouli

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.

Watch: About Patchouli with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Patchouli
Scientific name: Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.
Botanical family: Lamiaceae
Conservation status: Not defined

Description: Patchouli is an herbaceous perennial plant in the Lamiaceae family native tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia. Pogostemon cablin is a branched, erect, square-stemmed aromatic herb/undershrub that grows 1-1.2 meters tall. Leaves are simple, opposite, decussate (each pair of leaves is at right angles to those above and below), 2-4 inches long, with slightly lobed crenate-serrate margins. They are bright green when grown in shade, and pale to purplish green when exposed. The dorsal surface is ribbed and hairy. P. cablin yields an aromatic oil, which is found in the glandular trichomes of the leaves. Flowers are borne on spikes in whorls, and vary in color from white to pale purple. The flowers have four stamens, and a deeply-lobed ovary that contains a single ovule and a fruit with four smooth ovoid nutlets.

P. cablin thrives in shaded, well-drained, fertile soil with evenly distributed rainfall, and is adapted to warm and humid environments. Indonesia is the worlds’ largest commercial producer of patchouli essential oil; the plant is also cultivated on a large scale in India, Malaysia, China, Singapore, Vietnam and West Africa.

Patchouli is valued in perfumery and aromatherapy, and is a common ingredient in soaps, detergents, body lotions, and perfumes.¹

Ethnobotany: In traditional medicine, patchouli oil has been used to treat fungal skin infections, dandruff, and eczema. It was added to baths to relieve rheumatism, and a tea brewed from the leaves was used as a remedy for digestive maladies. The herb was also employed as a moth repellent for clothing.²

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: Indonesia, India, China, Brazil
Part of plant used: Dried leaves
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.25-0.75% fresh leaves | 1.8-5% dried leaves
Color of oil: Red/brown to clear

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

19+ components make up 97.97% of the essential oil.

The components found in the highest quantities include the following:

Monoterpenols: patchouli alcohol (23.2 – 31.86%),
Sesquiterpenes: seychellene (5.6 – 9.58%), ⍺-guaiene (8.82 – 14.6%), δ-guaiene (8.65-14.69%), ⍺-patchoulene (3.3 – 8.48%), β-patchoulene (2.87-6.91%), b-caryophyllene (4.5-4.63%), selinene (3.9%)
Ketone: pogostone (3.83%)^3,4,5

SAFETY INFORMATION

Oral use of patchouli is cautioned for those on anticoagulant medication, before major surgery, or who have a peptic ulcer, hemophilia, and other bleeding disorders due to the content of α-bulnesene which may inhibit blood clotting.⁶

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

Antidepressant, antifungal⁷, anti-inflammatory⁸, antimicrobial, antioxidant⁹, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, insect repellant; venous, lymphatic and prostatic decongestant; sedative¹⁰, vulnerary*

*Therapeutic activity of patchouli essential oil is often based upon its active component: patchouli alcohol (patchoulol).

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Skin, Nervous system, Emotions/Psyche

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Strong, musty, hot, earthy, dry
Blending factor: 4
Note: Base
Blends well with: Lavender, cardamom, bergamot, elemi, sweet orange, cypress, tangerine/mandarin, black pepper, cinnamon leaf, ginger, angelica root, grapefruit, clary sage, rose alba, tansy, cistus, geranium, spikenard, valerian
Substitutions: Vetiver

CORE INDICATIONS

General: useful in mosquito repellents, serves to hold other essential oils (as a base – fixative) so insect repellants and perfumes last longer and are more effective. (C+++, Sp+++)
Circulatory system: varicose veins, venous decongestant, hemorrhoids, cellulite, edema, poor circulation (C+++, SI+++)
Musculoskeletal system: stress related tension (C+++, I+++)
Reproductive and Endocrine systems: frigidity, menstrual cramps, reduced or lack of sex drive, impotence (I+++, C+++, D++)
Skin: aging or sagging skin, itchy or inflamed skin conditions¹¹, acne, athlete’s foot, cracked or chapped skin, eczema (weeping), wrinkles, irritated skin conditions, sores, fissures, inflamed scar tissue, fungal or parasitic skin infections¹², allergic inflammation, cellulite (C+++)
Psyche/Emotion: anxiety, confusion, poor concentration, mood swings, challenging behavior, hyperactivity, anxiety, feelings of being overwhelmed, very relaxing, centering and grounding, gives a sense of solidness, protecting, classic antidepressant (I+++, C+++, D++)
_______________
Ayurveda: reduces Vata anxiety, grounds and encourages compassion in Pitta, and can be a support oil to lemon or other astringents in reducing excess Kapha congestion
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): In TCM, patchouli is earthy, warm, and sweet, and it is used for people with a deficiency of Qi-energy in the Spleen-pancreas, and who, as a result, suffer from fatigue, loose stools, and abdominal distention. Patchouli harmonizes the Earth element and the Intellect (Yi), grounding and stabilizing the mind when over-thinking and worry develop.¹³

_______________________

RESEARCH

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil exhibits acaricidal activity against house dust mites.¹⁴

Animal studies

In a 2017 animal study published in Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, researchers studied the potential benefit of patchouli for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patchouli essential oil was found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. The study found that patchouli essential oil delivered via rectal suppositories may relieve symptoms of IBD.¹⁵

In vitro Studies

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil is an effective antimicrobial in the treatment of acne accompanied by infection of either Staphylococcus epidermidis or Propionibacterium acnes in vitro.¹⁶

Fennel, Sweet

Sweet Fennel

Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. var. dulce

Watch: About Fennel with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Common fennel, sweet fennel
Scientific name: Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Synonym: Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce (Mill.) Batt. & Trab.
Botanical family: Apiaceae
Conservation status: Least concern¹

Description: Fennel is an upright branching perennial herb in the Apiaceae family native to the southern Mediterranean. The plant typically grows from 3-5’ tall, and is characterized by aromatic yellow-green leaves that are soft, feathery, and compound with fine thread-like segments. The flowers are tiny and yellow, clustered in large, flattened, compound umbels. Flowers bloom mid to late summer, and are succeeded by aromatic seeds. Fennel grows easily in moist, organically rich well-drained soils, in full sun.

Ethnobotany: Fennel is a common culinary ingredient valued for its anise-flavored leaves and seeds. The genus name Foeniculum arises from the Latin name for this traditional salad and potherb which, in Italian, is called finocchio.²

Fennel is naturalized throughout much of the world, and was well-known to the ancient Egyptians, Romans, Indians, and Chinese. The Romans cultivated the plant for its aromatic seeds, and the edible fleshy shoots remain a popular vegetable in southern Italy. Charlemagne reportedly encouraged the cultivation of fennel in central Europe.

The leaves produce a natural light green dye that has been used in cosmetics, textiles/wooden materials, and as a food colorant.

Fennel also has a long history of use in medicine. The seeds were traditionally used to freshen the breath, and as a digestive aid. Fennel has been used to treat gastrointestinal ailments, conjunctivitis, arthritis, fever, kidney ailments, liver pain, and mouth ulcers.³

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: France, Spain, Germany
Part of plant used: Seeds
Extraction method: Distillation of crushed seeds
Essential oil yield: 1-4%
Color of oil: Pale yellow, clear

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Eighteen components make up 99.8% of the essential oil of sweet fennel. Core components include: trans-anethole (46.26+%), limonene (27.78%) and fenchone (12.77%). Other components include:

Monoterpenes: ⍺-pinene (3.26%), camphene (0.3%), sabinene (0.27%), β-pinene (0.14%), myrcene (0.66%), ⍺-phellandrene (0.18%), p-cymene (0.38%), limonene (27.78%), -terpinene (0.06%)
Ethers: 1,8 cineole (0.9%)
Monoterpene alcohols: linalool (0.09%)
Aldehyde: p-anisaldehyde (0.11%), fenchyl acetate (0.06%), cumic aldehyde (0.06%)
Ketone: fenchone (12.77%)
Phenylpropanoid: estragole (6.34%)⁴

**This is the chemical composition for the cultivar, dulce. Sweet fennel essential oil (Foeniculum vulgare), not the dulce cultivar, is rich is trans-anethole (upwards of 83%) and less then 5% of limonene, fenchone, ⍺-pinene, estragole and b-myrcene.

SAFETY INFORMATION

Contraindications: Due to its trans-anethole content, fennel essential oil should be avoided by any route (method of application) in pregnancy, breastfeeding, endometriosis, and estrogen dependent cancers.⁵ Trans-anethole exhibits estrogenic actions.
Oral dosing is cautioned in conjunction with anticoagulant drugs, major surgery, childbirth, peptic ulcer, hemophilia or other bleeding disorders.⁶
GRAS status

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

System	Action
Musculoskeletal system	analgesic
Respiratory system	bronchodilator, expectorant
Digestive system	carminative, digestive, hepatoprotective, promotes gastrointestinal motility, stomachic
Generative (reproductive) system	estrogenic, galactagogue
General	anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antispasmodic

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Digestive, Respiratory, Reproductive and Endocrine

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Aniseedy, spicy, warm, sweet, like licorice
Blending factor: 3-4
Note: Mid note
Blends well with: Clary sage, sweet marjoram, cardamom, mandarin, ginger, ylang ylang, cinnamon leaf, coriander seed, grapefruit, geranium, black pepper, carrot seed, rose, anise (Pimpinella anisum), plai, spearmint
Substitutions: Carrot seed, anise, tarragon, black pepper, ginger

CORE INDICATIONS

Digestive system: colic, indigestion, excess gas, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, nausea, lack of or decreased appetite, abdominal pain, indigestion, nonspecific colitis⁷ (O+++, RS+++, C++, I+++ (* e.g. Nausea, appetite), Fb+)
Musculoskeletal system: muscle spasms or cramps, general muscular aches and pains (C+++)
Reproductive and Endocrine systems: balancing to hormones, PMS, dysmenorrhea⁸, amenorrhea, lack of or reduced sexual drive, lack of or reduced milk flow in lactating woman (fennel tea is indicated or inhalation of fennel e/o), cramps, menopause, perimenopause (C+++, O+++, I+++, Fb+)
Respiratory system: bronchitis, coughs, flu, asthma, lung congestion (O+++, RS++, I+++, SI+++)
Skin: sluggish, congested, or smoker’s skin (can be beneficial for stimulating microcirculation and detoxification), cellulite, spasmodic cough, fennel hydrosol may be utilized in compresses for conjunctivitis (C+++)
Psyche/emotion: feelings of being stuck, unexpressed thoughts or emotions, tension, fear or inhibition of expressing self, creative blocks (I+++, D+++)
________________

Ayurveda: The seeds, according to Ayurveda, are sweet and pungent in taste, cooling, and are good for all doshas: vata, pitta, and kapha. In Ayurvedic medicine fennel seeds are used to support digestion, strengthening Agni without aggravating Pitta. Like its Western herbal applications, fennel is used to stop cramping and dispel flatulence (gas). Fennel seed preparations are indicated for digestive weakness.

In Ayurvedic medicine Fennel is indicated for: digestive discomfort, flatulence, cramps, nausea and low agni. A specific for inguinal hernias and lower abdominal pain. It is also indicated for nervous tension in mamsa dhatu and contraction in the smooth muscle system restricts the flow of vata. It has a nourishing effect on majja dhatu tonifies the brain and nervous system. Fennel is useful in vata-kapha obstruction type coughs and helps to clear phlegm by reducing aggravated avalambaka kapha that congest the alveoli and bronchioles. Useful in menstrual difficulty caused by vata and kapha obstruction in the lower abdomen with pain, cramps, and a dragging sensation.⁹

RESEARCH

Human Studies

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil proves beneficial for the treatment of dysmenorrhea.
In a placebo controlled double blind clinical study designed to explore the clinical effectiveness of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, fennel essential oil was able to significantly reduce pain. The study involved 50 girls aged 15-24 years old. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a capsule of 30 mg fennel essential oil to take four times a day for three days from start of their menstrual period. The placebo group received a capsule containing wheat flour in same dose. The study concluded that the use of fennel essential oil could be beneficial in significantly reducing the signs and symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea.¹⁰
The Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research published a 2003 clinical trial reporting that fennel essential oil (FEO) decreased menstrual pain in those with primary dysmenorrhea. In this randomized double-blind study 60 individuals were treated with placebo, 1%, or 2% FEO in a three-period crossover design. Presumably this essential oil was taken internally, but the authors don’t explicitly state their method of treatment application, using only the word “administered” to describe their method of application. We only know that a dose of 0.3-1 ml was taken starting with the onset of pain “as needed.” Pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, mood, and faintness were measured with a symptom chart. In the placebo group, 66.7% of patients required other medication to relieve symptoms compared to 41.8% of patients in the 1% FEO-treated group and 39.9% in the 2% FEO treated group. Pain scores were significantly reduced following FEO treatment compared to placebo, but there was no effect on other symptoms.¹¹

Animal Studies

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil demonstrated hepatoprotective activity.
Foeniculum vulgare essential oil exhibited potent hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats.¹²
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil reduces uterine contractions and may be beneficial for dysmenorrhea.¹³

In Vitro Studies

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil has anti-inflammatory activity.¹⁴
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil exhibits antioxidant activity.¹⁵
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil exhibits gastroprotective, vasorelaxant and antithrombotic activity.¹⁶

Food for Thought

Fennel fruit, estragole and the breast feeding mother

by David Hoffmann B.Sc., FNIMH

Cypress

Cupressus sempervirens L.

Watch: Presentation on Cypress with Jade Shutes

Listen to Jade discuss the beauty and amazing therapeutics of Cypress

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common names: Mediterranean cypress, Italian cypress
Scientific name: Cupressus sempervirens L.
Botanical family: Cupressaceae
Conservation status: Least concern¹

Description: Mediterranean cypress is a woody tree in the Cupressaceae family native to the Eastern Mediterranean. C. sempervirens grows up to 30 m tall, and features grayish brown bark with shallow fissures. Branches grow vertically in some cultivars and spread horizontally in others. Seed cones are ellipsoid and yellowish gray when ripe.

Cypress grows on well-drained sandy, loamy and heavy clay soils. The tree can tolerate nutritionally poor soil, but suffers in humid soils rich in organic matter. Cypress cannot survive shade. C. sempervirens is found in woodlands, interior valleys, and coastal mountains at elevations of 500-2000 meters. It thrives in regions with dry, hot summers and winter rain, or semi-arid climates.

Cupressus sempervirens ranges through Libya, southern Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, and Iran, but its precise provenance is unclear. The tree has a long horticultural history in the Mediterranean region, which has somewhat obscured its original native distribution. The tree is now found widely throughout the whole Mediterannean, and in regions with similar climates such as California, South Africa, and southern Australia.

Cypress has symbolic and social value in the Mediterranean, and is commonly found along roadsides, and in gardens, parks, and cemeteries. C. sempervirens has long been used as an ornamental and timber tree, as a windbreak, and in medicine and perfumery. The species name sempervirens is Latin for “evergreen”.²

Ethnobotany: C. sempervirens has myriad medicinal applications. The dried cones and young branches were valued for their anthelmintic, antipyretic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, astringent, vasoconstrictive, and antifungal properties. Cypress was taken internally to treat whooping cough, hemoptysis, spasmodic cough, colds, flu, and sore throats. A paste of the cones and young branches was applied topically to treat haemorrhoids. Cypress was also used as a diuretic, and to promote circulation to the kidneys and bladder, improve bladder tone, and relieve incontinence and enuresis.³

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: France, Italy
Part of plant used: Leaves, twigs, cones
Extraction method: Distillation
Essential oil yield: 0.51 – 0.92% w/w
Color of oil: Pale yellow

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Twenty-four unique components account for 92.95% of Cypress essential oil. Core components include: α-pinene (30-37.14%) and delta-3-carene (19.67-24%). Other components include:

Monoterpenes: ⍺-pinene (30-37.14%), delta-3-carene (19.67-24%), a-thujene (1.66%), a-fenchene (1.31%), b-pinene (2.11-2.6%), b-myrcene (3.63-4.1%), o-cymene (1.22%), limonene (4-5.43%), y-terpinene (1.2%), a-terpinolene (4.69-6.6%)
Sesquiterpenes: germacrene d (1.36-4%), b-caryophyllene (1.2%), a-humulene (1.3%)
Sesquiterpenol: ⍺-cedrol (4.99%)
Ester: a-terpenyl acetate (6.6%)
Ether/oxide: 1,8 cineole (1.18%)^4,5,6

SAFETY INFORMATION

Caution: Due to the monoterpene content, it is important that the essential oil be stored properly (e.g., in a dark container in the refrigerator or in a cold room away from sunlight and heat). Oxidized essential oils should not be used in body care products or formulations designed for dermal application. The essential oil can, however, be used for cleaning products.
Average shelf life for monoterpene-rich essential oils, when stored correctly is 1-3 years.

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

System	Action
Musculoskeletal system	analgesic, antirheumatic
Respiratory system	antitussive
Skin	antiperspirant, antiseborrheic, anti-sudorific, astringent, deodorant, vulnerary
Lymphatic system	decongestant
Cardiovascular system	vasoconstrictor
Nervous/Emotion	restorative (nervous system)
General	antibacterial, antimicrobial and antibiofilm⁷, antioxidant^8,9 , antiseptic, antispasmodic

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Respiratory, Circulatory, Lymphatic

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Piney, woody, refreshing
Blending Factor: 5
Note: Mid note
Blends well with: Lemon, geranium, rose, saro, clary sage, sweet marjoram, niaouli, cedarwood, helichrysum, black spruce, rosemary, rosalina, bergamot, juniper berry, lavender, black pepper

CORE INDICATIONS

Circulatory system: varicose veins, nosebleeds, hemorrhoids, pyorrhea (bleeding gums), cellulite, bruises, edema (particularly of lower limbs) (C+++)
Digestive system: diarrhea, preventative to sore throat (O+++, RS+++, Sz+++)
Lymphatic system: congestion in lymph system (C+++, O+++)
Reproductive system: excess blood flow during menstruation (menorrhagia), dysmenorrhea, cramps, menopause sweating (C+++, O++)
Respiratory system: infection of the throat, nose, or bronchi in early phase¹⁰, coughs particularly spasmodic dry coughs, bronchitis, asthma, flu, sore throat, whooping cough/pertussis, laryngitis, decongesting (O+++, I+++, D+++)
Skin: oily, sweaty skin and feet, broken capillaries, rosaceae, bruises, cellulite, supportive wound healer, excessive sweating (C+++)
Psyche/emotion: calming, contractive (great for when individual feels overwhelmed), helpful during times of transition and bereavement, anxiety, excessive talking, excessive thinking, deepens yet contracts the breath (useful for focus), bedwetting¹¹ (I+++, D+++)

Research

General

Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) essential oil possesses biological properties.
Cupressus sempervirens essential oil acts as expectorant, antipyretic, diaphoretic, and urine enhancer; externally it has been used for treating coughs and bronchitis, for hemorrhoids and against foot sweating.¹²

In Vitro Studies

Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) essential oil combined with Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil were effective combination exhibit anticandidal activity.
The combination of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil with Cupressus sempervirens essential oil proved highly effective against Candida albicans.¹³

Clary sage

Salvia sclarea L.

Watch: About Clary sage with Jade Shutes

Listen to Jade discuss the beauty and amazing therapeutics of Clary sage

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

Common name: Clary sage
Scientific name: Salvia sclarea L.
Botanical family: Lamiaceae
Conservation status: Least concern¹

Description: Clary sage is a short-lived aromatic herbaceous perennial in the Lamiaceae family. In its first year, clary sage forms a basal rosette of broad gray-green leaves up to 8” long. Flowering stems emerge in the second year, 3-4” tall, topped with inflorescences of small, tubular creamy white to lilac flowers supported by white to pinkish-purple bracts. The flowers bloom in summer. This sage’s square stems are sturdy, hairy, and rough. Indeed, the species name sclarea comes from the Greek skeria, which refers to the hardness of the plant. Clary sage typically grows as a biennial, but may live on one to two years more.

The genus name Salvia is derived from the Latin salveo, which means “to save or heal.” The common name “clary” is from the Latin clarus, meaning “clear,” which refers to the use of the oil as an eyewash to clear the eyes of irritants and inflammation.

Ethnobotany: Clary sage has a lauded history of use as a medicinal herb. Traditionally, clary sage has been used to treat anxiety, menstrual issues, kidney disease, muscle pain, insomnia, and digestive disorders. In modern times, clary sage is used for culinary purposes, as a flavoring for wines, vermouths, and liquors, and as an aromatic additive in soaps, perfumes, and cosmetics.²

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

Country of origin: France, Germany, Russia
Part of plant used: Flowering tops
Essential oil yield: Distillation
Extraction method: 0.12 – 0.3%
Color of oil: Colorless to pale yellow

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

Fifty-six+ components make up 98.94% of the essential oil. Major components include monoterpenol, linalool (10-18.18%), and up to 76 percent esters, specifically linalyl acetate (45-74.6%).

Monoterpenes: a-pinene (4.4-4.57%), b-myrcene (1.01%), limonene (1.55%), sabinene (3.3%), myrcene (1.5%)
Sesquiterpenes: germacrene D (0.84-11.4%), β-caryophyllene (1.83%)
Diterpene: sclareol (0.1-1.2%)
Monoterpenol: linalool (12.4-18.18%), ⍺-terpineol (3.5-5.5%), nerol (1.1%), β-terpineol (1.19%)
Ester: linalyl acetate (39.2-57.9%), geranyl acetate (1.6-3.5%)
Oxide: 1,8 cineole (2.29%)^3,4,5

Note: Chemotypes of clary sage have been identified including the following: ct. geraniol/geranyl acetate from Israel, ct. methyl chavicol from Sardinia, and ct. germacrene D from Sicily.⁶

SAFETY

None known cautions or contraindications.
GRAS status.

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

Female Reproductive, Nervous, Musculoskeletal

BLENDING INFORMATION

Aroma description: Sweet, nutty, floral, earthy
Blending factor: 2 to 3
Note: Mid note, mid to base
Blends well with: Basil ct. linalool, bergamot, bergamot mint, black pepper, cardamom, German chamomile, sweet fennel, geranium, ginger, goldenrod, grapefruit, lavender, mandarin, sweet marjoram, peppermint, pink pepper, plai, rose essential oil or absolute, tarragon, valerian, vetiver
Substitutions: Lavender, tarragon, fennel, geranium

CORE INDICATIONS

Circulatory system: varicose veins, hemorrhoids particularly when spasm is present, broken capillaries (C+++, RS+++)

Musculoskeletal system: aches and pains, arthritis, rheumatism, shin splints, spasms, cramps, sciatica, carpal tunnel syndrome, plantar fasciitis (C+++)

Nervous system: sedative, nerve tonic especially when nervous system is exhausted, anxiety, tension, migraine, headaches, debility, convalescence, insomnia, depression (I+++, C+++, Fb++, D+)

Reproductive and Endocrine systems: menstrual cycle irregularities, PMS and related upsets, cramps, menopause, childbirth/labor, impotence, dysmenorrhea, hot flashes, night sweats, hormonal irritability and imbalance, amenorrhea (C+++, I+++, Fb++)

Respiratory system: asthma attack (reduces spasms in the bronchial tubes) (C+++, I+++)

Skin: eczema caused by stress or anxiety, inflamed skin conditions, mature skin, wrinkles, excessive sebum production, dry itchy skin (C+++)

Psyche/emotion: euphoric, calming, good for irritation, anger, mental fatigue, frigidity, nervous anxiety, insomnia, depression, postnatal depression, exhaustion from overwork, sexual problems, hyperactivity, imbalanced emotional states, and stress, can help distance people from their problems, as well as put a person in touch with their dreams (I+++, Fb+++, D+++, C+)

Research

Human Studies

Inhalation of clary sage (Salvia sclarea) essential oil may be of value when working with menopausal women (and others) suffering with depression.
A 2014 study published in Phytotherapy Research demonstrated that the inhalation of clary sage essential oil increased 5-HT plasma concentration significantly while plasma cortisol levels significantly decreased. The study included 22 menopausal women in their 50’s. Two groups were formed: normal and depression tendency groups. Clary sage (Salvia sclarea) essential oil contained 63.58% linalyl acetate and 20.99% linalool. Other major components (< 3% each) included: b-caryophyllene, geraniol, nerol, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, and a-terpineol. Both groups inhaled clary sage essential oil. 0.1 ml of clary sage essential oil was placed on a gauze and each participant would inhale through the nose for approximately 5 minutes. The researchers acknowledged that the study was small and that it lacked participants with severe depression, however, they believe the study supports the anti-depressant activity of clary sage essential oil and its potential value for individuals suffering with depression.¹²
Another study published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research in 2012 found that abdominal self-massage with essential oils provided relief for outpatients with PD and reduced the duration of menstrual pain. 48 outpatients diagnosed with PD by a gynecologist were divided into two groups. The experimental group received essential oils of lavender, clary sage, and marjoram in a 2:1:1 ratio diluted to 3% in an unscented jojoba cream at a dosage of 2 g/day massaged onto abdomen, while the control group was given a synthetic fragrance diluted in jojoba cream. Demographically, the participants ranged in age from 19-45 years, 77% had experienced dysmenorrhea for over three years, and 50% of the participants had never used analgesics. One criterion of inclusion was that participants had at least one menstrual cycle in the previous year, which the authors charmingly referred to as a “menstrual experience.”Pain levels were evaluated with a 10-point numeric rating scale (NRS) and verbal rating scale (VRS) pre-intervention, on the first three days of the first menstrual cycle concurrent with the intervention, and post-intervention on the first three days of the subsequent cycle.

The researchers observed a statistically significant reduction in the duration of pain in the aromatherapy group but not in the synthetic fragrance group, as well as a greater drop in the severity of pain from the first to the third days of menstruation. None of the participants in the aromatherapy group required analgesics after the intervention.

The researchers also performed gas chromatography on the essential oil blend to identify constituents and found the top five contents to be: linalyl acetate (36.84%), linalool (22.53%), eucalyptol (17.21%), ɑ- terpineol (3.29%), and β-caryophyllene (2.69%). The analgesic effects of the essential oil blend are attributed to these compounds. The authors attempt to tease out potential confounding factors of the effects of massage, writing: Massage can reduce stress hormone levels by excreting endorphins in the plasma, promoting parasympathetic activation, and increase secretion of the neurotransmitter serotonin to block the conduction of pain. Indeed, massage may possess positive influences on relieving menstrual pain. However, it has no persistent analgesic efficacy, only temporary efficacy. The efficacy of pain relief was due to certain components in the massage cream, and not to the practice of massage itself in our study.

The authors note that aromatherapy has a “positive influence on the autonomic nervous system, releasing anxiety, and controlling pain,” an outcome they attribute not just to the scent of the essential oils, but to transdermal absorption of their chemical constituents.

The mechanism of action likely involves inhibition of prostaglandin secretion by linalool, which results in decreased myometrial contractility. Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), a terpene oxide found in marjoram oil, inhibits the metabolism of arachidonic acid, a precursor to PGs found to have inflammatory effects on human blood monocytes. β-caryophyllene, a terpene, also exerts local anesthetic activity.¹³

A randomized placebo-controlled trial published in 2006 in the Journal of Alternative Complementary Medicine found that abdominal self-massage with almond oil and aromatherapy was more effective at relieving dysmenorrhea than almond oil self-massage alone. In this study 67 college students with a menstrual pain ranking of 6/10 or higher on the visual analog scale were divided into experimental, placebo, and control groups. The experimental group performed self massage with 5 cc of almond oil to which essential oils had been added: 2 drops lavender (Lavandula officinalis), 1 drop rose (Rosa centifolia), and 1 drop clary sage (Salvia sclarea). The placebo group performed self massage with 5 cc of almond oil, while the control group received no treatment. Intensity of pain was measured via the visual analog scale, while severity of dysmenorrhea symptoms were assessed with a multidimensional scoring system designed to assess the impact of dysmenorrhea on daily life. Aromatherapy self massage was found to reduce the intensity of menstrual pain compared to placebo and control, as well as to significantly reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea impact on the first and second days of menstruation. Aromatherapy treatment resulted in a pain score drop from 7.40 to 4.26 on the first day of menstruation.¹⁴One limitation of these studies is the inconsistency inherent in self massage as part of a treatment protocol.
A 2012 study published in the journal of Pain Management Nursing controlled for this variable by having one practitioner perform abdominal massage on all the participants at a regularly scheduled time of day. In this trial, standardized abdominal massage with lavender oil was found to be more effective at reducing menstrual pain than massage with odorless liquid petrolatum. The experimental design consisted of a randomized crossover design, wherein 44 volunteers with PD received 15 minutes of abdominal massage with lavender oil or placebo oil. The results were measured via visual analog scale at baseline and post-treatment. Participants were monitored for three menstrual cycles: One observational period without treatment, followed by treatment/placebo for the next cycle, with the treatments swapped across groups in the third cycle. A reduction in pain was observed in both placebo and experimental groups, but the degree of pain reduction was significantly greater in the lavender oil group than the petrolatum group: pain levels as measured by a 100-point VAS scale dropped from 82.38 to 51.13 after aromatherapy massage, compared with 82.38 to 74.31 after placebo massage.¹⁵
Inhalation of Clary sage essential oil increased secretion of oxytocin in postmenopausal women in a small study of fifteen postmenopausal women. Each subject was exposed to the control first for 20 min, followed by exposure to an essential oil for 20 min. This study showed that olfactory stimulation by clary sage can increase salivary oxytocin concentrations.¹⁶
Inhalation of clary sage essential oil reduces stress.
In a small double-blind, randomized, controlled trial with 34 female patients with urinary incontinence. The subjects were randomized to inhale lavender, clary, or almond (control) oil at concentrations of 5% (vol/vol) each. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and salivary cortisol were measured before and after inhalation of these odors for 60 minutes. The study found that inhalation of 5% clary oil vapors effectively reduces the stress that occurs during urodynamic examination in female patients with urinary incontinence.¹⁷

Animal Studies

Clary sage exhibits antidepressant activity in Sprague-Dawley rats. The study demonstrated that 5% (v/v) clary sage (Salvia sclarea) essential oil exhibited the strongest anti-stressor activity in the FST (forced swim test) with rats. The researchers speculated that the antidepressant-like effect of clary sage essential oil was likely mediated via a DAnergic pathway. This study concluded that clary sage essential oil could be a potential candidate for the therapeutic treatment of depression. Further studies and clinical trials are needed.¹⁸
The isolated component, sclareol, demonstrates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.¹⁹

Foundations of Aromatherapy

Grapefruit

Citrus x paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.)

Watch Presentation on Grapefruit with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

DID YOU KNOW?

SAFETY INFORMATION

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

BLENDING INFORMATION

CORE INDICATIONS

RECIPES

Inspiring Diffuser Synergy (stock bottle)

Calm the mind inhaler

Geranium

Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Ait. var. roseum, syn. Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L’Hér. ex Willd.

Watch: About Geranium with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

SAFETY INFORMATION

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

BLENDING INFORMATION

CORE INDICATIONS

RESEARCH

Human Studies

Animal Studies

In Vitro Studies

Other studies:

Watch ‘Developing a Wellness Plan’

DEVELOPING AN AROMATIC WELLNESS PROGRAM

Steps in Formulating Aromatic Product

Step 1: What is your intention? Your goal?

Step 2: What is your focus for the product you will be formulating?

Step 3: What is the best method of application?

Step 4: What is your approach for selecting essential oils?

Step 5: Select Core, Enhancer, and Harmonizing essential oils

Do they smell good together?

Step 6: At What Dilution?

General Guidelines for Dermal Application

Ylang ylang

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F.& Thoms.

Watch: About Ylang Ylang with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

SAFETY INFORMATION

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

BLENDING INFORMATION

CORE INDICATIONS

RESEARCH

Human Studies

Roman chamomile

Chamaemelum nobile L. All.

Watch: About Roman chamomile with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

SAFETY INFORMATION

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

BLENDING INFORMATION

CORE INDICATIONS

RESEARCH

Human Studies

In Vitro

Peppermint

Mentha x piperita L. (pro sp.)

Watch: About Peppermint with Jade Shutes

BOTANICAL INFORMATION

EXTRACTION INFORMATION

AROMATIC CHEMISTRY

SAFETY INFORMATION

THERAPEUTIC ACTIONS

SYSTEM AFFINITIES

BLENDING INFORMATION

Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. ex Ait. var. roseum, syn.
Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L’Hér. ex Willd.