Foundations of Aromatherapy

Lesson 4b: Aromatherapy for Women’s Health

Common Women’s Health Conditions

Watch: Aromatherapy and Women’s Health with Ildiko Berecz

“To reach the individual we need an individual remedy. Each of us is a unique message and only the unique remedy shall suffice. We must, therefore, seek odoriferous substances which present affinities with the human being we intend to treat.”
– Margeurite Maury

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Reproductive System

Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Analgesic: a substance that relieves or reduces pain	Eucalyptus globulus, Ginger, Laurel, Lemongrass, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor and cineole
Antidepressant: a substance that relieves depression	Bergamot, Clary sage, Mandarin, Patchouli, Pine, Sweet orange, Ylang ylang
Antispasmodic: a substance that relieves smooth/skeletal muscle spasms	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Peppermint
Aphrodisiac: a substance that increases sexual stimulation and excitement	Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Ylang ylang
Hormonal Balancer: a substance that helps balance the endocrine system	Clary sage, Fennel, Geranium, Rose
Nervine: a substance that relaxes the nervous system and can reduce nervous disorders	Bergamot, Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Frankincense, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet orange, Vetiver, Ylang ylang
Sedative: a substance that has a calming effect, relieving anxiety, tension, insomnia	Roman chamomile, Lavender

► Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea is the technical term for menstrual pain that is severe enough to interfere with and limit the activities of women of childbearing age. It has been positively associated with stress as well as family history.

Therapeutic goals:

Reduce pain
Soothe emotions
Reduce stress
Balance hormones

Essential oils:
Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Frankincense, Geranium, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet Orange, Patchouli, Peppermint, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage 2.5 -5% dilution
Compress
Hydrotherapy

Sample Aromatic Program

Pain relief

1 ounce aloe vera gelly OR aloe vera gel OR jojoba oil
10 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
7 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
3 drops Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides)
5 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)

► Amenorrhea

Amenorrhea is a condition in which there is an absence or cessation of menstruation. Stress is one of the most common causes of amenorrhea. Other causes may include: a disorder of the hypothalamus, pituitary or thyroid gland deficiency, stress, excessive exercise, deficiency of ovarian hormone, anorexia nervosa and removal of the womb or ovaries.

Therapeutic goals:

Reduce stress, soothe emotions
Balance hormones
Address individual emotional issues which are either causing or a cause of

Essential oils:
Bergamot, Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Geranium, Jasmine, Lavender, Sweet Orange, Patchouli, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage 2.5 -5% dilution
Inhalations/Diffusion
Hydrotherapy

Sample Aromatic Program

Amenorrhea synergy

Combine in empty bottle and use in diffusor or nebulizer.

40 drops Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)
25 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
15 drops Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)
20 drops Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

► Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

PMS is a multi-faceted disorder which women all over the world suffer. Symptoms can include: swelling of breasts, water retention, bloating, aches and pains, nervousness, irritability, emotional disturbances, headaches, depression, fatigue, tension, anxiety, loss of concentration, etc. The symptoms experienced vary so much from individual to individual that it is very important to have a clear understanding of each case presented.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce water retention and bloating
Relieve cramping
Balance hormones
Reduce stress and/or anxiety

Essential Oils:
Bergamot, Cardamom, Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Frankincense, Geranium, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet Orange, Patchouli, Peppermint, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage 2.5 -5% dilution
Compress
Hydrotherapy

Sample Aromatic Program

PMS General

5 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
7 drops Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)
7 drops Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)
7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

Massage oil for cramps/painful menstruation

1 ounce organic jojoba or sesame
8 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
6 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
5 drops Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

*Rub blend on abdominal area as needed.

► Prenatal and Postpartum

Pregnancy and childbirth are major landmarks in a woman’s life. There are many physical, psychological, and spiritual changes that take place, affecting not only a woman’s body shape and size but also her hormone levels, which can affect skin texture and tone, digestion, circulation, and emotional states. Even in the most positive of situations, we know that change often creates stress, and stress can contribute to psychological and physical unease. Discomforts of pregnancy are vast and varied, with different concerns arising at different times throughout the process.

According to Buckle (2003), “aromatherapy can be helpful for many symptoms of pregnancy including general tiredness, aches and pains, nausea, insomnia, and backache”. Whether it be pre-conception, early, mid, or late pregnancy, labor, delivery, or postpartum, there are certain essential oils generally considered safer than others, those to be avoided, and those to be selected for more specific complaints (Section on Safety in Module One).

As a general rule, you may want to avoid using essential oils (with perhaps the exception of lavender) as well as some forms of bodywork and energy modalities until the pregnancy is well established, usually by the twelfth week. All essential oils should be used with care, consideration, and moderation during pregnancy. Remember that every woman and every pregnancy is different. If there is a questionable health history or cause for concern, always opt for safety and stick to the more gentle oils, refer to a well-trained aromatherapist, or just wait until after the birth to resume using essential oils with your client.

Therapeutic Dilution:
For pregnant and lactating women we generally recommend a 2% dilution (9-10 drops per ounce of carrier) or 3-7 drops essential oil in baths or 4 drops per quart of water for warm or cool compress.

Aromatic application ideas:

Lotions, oils, or gels for massaging sore or fatigued muscles.
Aloe gel for light massage on cramping or “tired” legs and varicose veins.
Diffuser, nebulizer, cotton pads, or aromatic spritzers can be used to ease nausea, anxiety, depression, and slow/difficult labor.
Moisturizing cream or rich massage oil to replenish and restore elasticity to dry, overstretched skin.
Reflexology combined with essential oils to enhance digestion, support labor, or simply to soothe aching and tired feet.
Postpartum sitz baths to ease discomfort and help facilitate healing of tears or episiotomy.
Warm compress or light massage oil for sore or engorged breasts.
Refreshing cool compress and/or unique massage blends specific to supporting the process of labor and delivery.

Precautions and special considerations

Use only the more gentle essential oils throughout pregnancy, and avoid oils that may directly affect uterine contractions until it’s time for the delivery. As mentioned previously, it is best to wait until the pregnancy is well established before implementing prenatal blends. Be aware that due to an increase in odor sensitivity during pregnancy, some aromas may induce nausea or elicit strong emotions/reactions, even at low dilutions.

When it comes to incorporating aromatherapy, keep your dilutions light, and remember the primary goal when working with prenatal and postpartum moms is to simply provide comfort, unconditional support, rest, relaxation, and relief from the basic discomforts that accompany this life transition.

Sample Aromatic Treatments

Gentle Massage Oil 1 oz / 2% dilution

Tangerine 5 drops
Lavender 5 drops
Base Oils: Calendula 10%, Apricot kernel 70%, Jojoba 20%

Hydrosol Spritzer

2oz bottle
3rd trimester & labor

50% Rose hydrosol
50% Roman chamomile hydrosol

Spritz room just before beginning massage or chill and use to refresh during labor.

Back Pain Blend

1oz/ 2% dilution

Lavender 7 drops
Roman chamomile 3 drops

Anxiety and Depression Blend

1oz/ 2% dilution

Patchouli 3 drops
Mandarin 5 drops
Clary sage 4 drops
Base Oils: Calendula 10%, Apricot kernel 70%, Jojoba 20%

Lesson 5b: Aromatherapy for the Cardiovascular System

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Circulatory System

Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Astringent: a substance that causes cells to shrink; contracts, tightens, and binds tissues	Geranium, Lemon, Patchouli
Anti-inflammatory: a substance that soothes and reduces inflammations	Roman chamomile, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Lavender, Patchouli
Circulatory Stimulant: a substance that enhances or increases blood circulation	Eucalyptus, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lemon, Lemongrass, Pine, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole
Detoxifier: a substance that enhances the removal of toxic substances from the body	Cypress, Fennel, Grapefruit, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lemon, Pine
Hypotensive: a substance that lowers blood pressure	Lavender, Ylang ylang
Nervine: a substance that relaxes the nervous system and can reduce nervous disorders	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Frankincense, Lavender, Mandarin, Pine, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

► Raynaud’s Syndrome

Raynaud’s Syndrome is defined by episodes of vasospasm of the arterioles, usually the fingers and toes. The blood vessels in the extremities experience a spasm of smooth muscle tissue making the skin appear white to blue. Horrigan (2005) says “regular, gentle massages in a warm environment with warmed oils are so beneficial as to be almost essential as part of the care protocol”.¹

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce spasm
Enhance circulation
Provide warmth

Essential Oils: Clary sage, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Lemon, Lemongrass, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or ct. cineol

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage 2.5 – 5% dilution
Hydrotherapy (temperature based on client needs)
Cream/lotion

Sample Aromatic Program

Warming and stimulating to circulation

1 ounce unscented cream
12 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
5 drops Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)

► Varicose veins

Varicose veins are distended or dilated veins commonly found in the legs. They are caused by the impaired function of the venous valves.² Massage is locally contraindicated for extreme varicose veins and anywhere distal to them. Mild varicose veins contraindicate deep, specific work, but are otherwise safe for massage.³

Therapeutic Goals:

Enhance circulation
Prevent varicose veins from getting worse
Reduce pain

Essential Oils: Cedarwood, German Chamomile, Cypress, Frankincense, Geranium, Helichrysum, Lavender, Lemon, Lemongrass, Patchouli, Peppermint, Sandalwood, Vetiver

Aromatherapy Applications:

Gel
Light massage for mild varicose veins
Compress: cold/warm

Sample Aromatic Program

Preventative and treatment of varicose veins

1 ounce unscented cream, gel or lotion
10 drops Lemon (Citrus limon)
7 drops Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens ssp. roseum)
5 drops Patchouli (Pogostemom cablin)

► Bruises

A bruise is a mark on your skin caused by blood trapped under the surface. It happens when an injury crushes small blood vessels but does not break the skin. Those vessels break open and leak blood under the skin.

Bruises are often painful and swollen. You can get skin, muscle and bone bruises. Bone bruises are the most serious.

It can take months for a bruise to fade, but most last about two weeks. They start off a reddish color, and then turn bluish-purple and greenish-yellow before returning to normal. To reduce bruising, ice the injured area and elevate it above your heart. See your healthcare provider if you seem to bruise for no reason, or if the bruise appears to be infected.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce inflammation and pain
Support healing of tissue

Essential Oils: Roman or German Chamomile, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Lavender

Aromatherapy Applications:

Direct application (when the bruise occurs)
Massage oil (with 50% Arnica herbal oil and 50% other base oil)
Gel

Sample Aromatic Program

Bruise Heal Gel

1 ounce aloe vera gel
1 tbsp Lavender hydrosol
5 drops Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)
7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
5 drops German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)

Lesson 3b: Aromatherapy for The Musculoskeletal System

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Musculoskeletal System

Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Analgesic: a substance that relieves or reduces pain	Eucalyptus globulus, Ginger, Laurel, Lemongrass, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor and cineole
Anti-inflammatory: a substance that soothes and reduces inflammations	Roman chamomile, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Lavender, Patchouli, Palo santo
Anti-rheumatic: a substance that helps to relieve the symptoms of rheumatism	Roman chamomile, Laurel, Lemon, Rosemary ct. camphor, Vetiver
Antispasmodic: a substance that relieves smooth/skeletal muscle spasms	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Lavender, Peppermint
Detoxifier: a substance that enhances the removal of toxic substances from the body	Fennel, Grapefruit, Juniper berry, Lemon
Nervine: a substance that relaxes the nervous system and can reduce nervous disorders	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Frankincense,Lavender, Mandarin, Vetiver, Ylang ylang
Rubefacient: a substance that increases cutaneous blood flow to a local area; causes reddening and warming of the skin	Ginger, Lemongrass, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tulsi

How to make a pain relieving gel

► Fibromyalgia

The Fibromyalgia Network (n/d) defines Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) as a widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue disorder for which the cause is still unknown. Fibromyalgia means pain in the muscles, ligaments, and tendons of the soft fibrous tissues in the body. Common symptoms of FMS include: chronic pain, fatigue, stiffness, sleeping disorders, headaches, restless leg syndrome, anxiety, and depression. Aromatherapy and essential oils can be used to reduce stress levels, stiffness, fatigue, and pain resulting in overall improvement in the client’s condition.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain
Reduce stress and/or anxiety
Improve quality of sleep
Address emotional issues which are either causing or a reaction to condition.

Essential Oils:
Bergamot, German Chamomile, Roman Chamomile, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Mandarin, Peppermint, Rosemary, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage blend with 2.5 – 5% dilution
Epsom/sea salt bath
Hydrotherapy
Diffusion (for emotional aspects)
Personal inhaler
Gel

Sample Aromatic Remedy

Pain Relief Massage Oil – 5% dilution

5 drops Basil ct. methyl chavicol (Ocimum basilicum)
5 drops Copaiba (Copaifera officinalis)
10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
5 drops Sweet Marjoram (Origanum marjorana)
5 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
1 ounce Sesame oil or 50% St Johns wort herbal oil and 50% sesame

Soothing Personal Inhaler

7 drops Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
5 drops Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
10 drops Sweet Marjoram (Origanum marjorana)

► Spasms or Cramps

Spasms and cramps are both the involuntary contraction of a muscle. The main difference between the two is that spasms tend to be longer lasting but of a lower grade than cramps which tend to be of short duration yet acute. Massage is indicated for spasms and sub-acute cramps.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and spasm
Enhance detoxification

Essential Oils:
Basil ct. methyl chavicol, Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Cypress, Eucalyptus globulus or E. radiata, Fennel, Geranium, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage blend, 5% dilution
Gel
Compress

Sample Aromatic Remedy

1ounce Jojoba or Sesame oil

5 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
5 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
4 drops Lemon (Citrus limon)

► Plantar fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is the pain and inflammation caused by injury to the plantar fascia of the foot. Massage is indicated and can help release tension in deep calf muscles that put strain on the plantar fascia. As an aromatherapist, consider creating an aromatic massage, cream, lotion or salve that the individual can apply at home, or if you are a massage therapist, you can apply as a localized treatment.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Improve the thixotropic state or pliability of fascia
Address emotional states which are either causing or a reaction to condition

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Eucalyptus, Helichrysum, Lavender, Laurel, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or ct. cineol

Aromatherapy Applications:

Epsom salt foot bath
Massage oil or cream – 5% dilution
Hydrotherapy
Reflexology
Myofascial release

Sample Aromatic Treatment:

1 ounce sesame or jojoba oil

10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
5 drops Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
4 drops Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis)

► Sciatica

Sciatica is a term used to describe any situation that causes the sciatic nerve to become irritated and inflamed, resulting in pain, numbness, or reduced sensation from the buttocks down to the legs.¹ Massage is indicated for sciatica brought about by muscular or ligamentous forces.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Relax muscles which may be chronically contracted; causing nerve impingement
Soothe individual from emotions which may arise from coping with pain

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Juniper, Laurel, Lavender, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil, 5-10% dilution for localized application
Gel or massage oil, with Arnica and St. Johns Wort infusions (20% dilution) plus 5-10% e/o dilution

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Pain Relief Blend for Sciatica

2 ounces of Aloe vera gelly
2 tbsp. Lavender hydrosol
1 tbsp. German chamomile hydrosol
1 tbsp. St. Johns Wort herbal oil
10 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
5 drops Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
7 drops Lavender or Rosemary (L. angustifolia or Rosmarinus officinalis ct. cineole or camphor)

Mix together and store in glass jar. Massage into lower back and legs as needed.

► Sprains, strains

Sprains are tears to the ligaments which can cause pain, redness, heat, swelling, and loss of joint function in the acute stage. In the subacute stage of sprains these symptoms are reduced although pain will be present at all stages. Sprains are considered to be more serious than strains or tendinitis. Strains, on the other hand, are injured muscles resulting in pain, stiffness, and occasionally palpable heat and swelling are present.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Reduce edema
Maintain local circulation
Soothe emotions
Increase range of motion (strains)

Essential Oils:
Cardamom, German Chamomile, Roman Chamomile, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Grapefruit, Helichrysum, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Lemongrass, Peppermint, **Arnica and St Johns Wort herbal infusion

Aromatherapy Applications:

Compress
Massage oil 5-20% dilution

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Sprains

1 ounce of 25% St Johns Wort, 25% Arnica herbal oil and 50% Sesame oil or jojoba
30 drops Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
65 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
20 drops Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)

► Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or Tendenitis

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is irritation of the median nerve in the wrist, which can be caused by edema or repetitive movements. CTS can cause pain, tingling, numbness and weakness in part of the hand.² Horrigan (2004) reports that aromatherapy can help reduce compression by passive exercises and massage with essential oils aimed at fluid reduction.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain
Reduce edema
Support range of motion
Address emotional states which are either causing or a reaction to condition

Essential Oils:
Cardamom, Clary sage, Clove bud, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Geranium, Helichrysum, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or ct. cineole

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil, 5-10% dilution
Gel or cream
Hand/wrist baths
Sample Aromatic Treatment

CTS massage oil

1 ounce jojoba or a combination of jojoba and sunflower oil
5 drops Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)
7 drops Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
7 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

► Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory, destructive, chronic, auto-immune disease of multiple joints and connective tissue throughout the body. It often starts in the hands and wrists. The condition causes the affected joints to be hot, puffy, and swollen and range of motion is reduced due to pain and stiffness.³

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Reduce stress
Maintain and/or increase mobility
Address emotional states which are either causing or a reaction to condition.

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Frankincense, Ginger, Grapefruit, Helichrysum, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct camphor, Vetiver

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil, 5-10% dilution
Gel
Hydrotherapy

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Reduce inflammation

2 ounces Aloe vera gelly base
2 tbsp. Lavender hydrosol
1 tbsp. Roman or German chamomile hydrosol
10 drops Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
7 drops Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)
10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
3 drops Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides)

Mix together and apply to affected areas as needed for pain and inflammation.

► Temporomandibular Joint Disorder

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ) refers to a multitude of problems in and around the jaw resulting from constant strain, stress, and malocclusion of the jaw. Symptoms of TMJ include head, neck, and shoulder pain, ear pain, mouth pain, clicking or locking in the jaw, and loss of range of motion in the jaw.⁴ Massage is recommended for TMJ.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce pain and inflammation
Reduce stress
Maintain and/or increase range of motion
Address emotional states that are either causing the condition or are a reaction to it

Essential Oils:
Bergamot, Birch, Black pepper, German chamomile, Roman chamomile, Clove bud, Eucalyptus, Frankincense, Ginger, Helichrysum, Juniper berry, Laurel, Lavender, Lemon, Mandarin, Neroli, Peppermint, Rose, Rosemary ct camphor, Spearmint, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil with 5 to 10 percent dilution
Gel or cream
Compress

Pain Relief Blend

20-30% dilution essential oils in 25% St Johns Wort, 75% Sesame oil
1oz oil: 180 drops (30%)

65 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
30 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
65 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
20 drops Laurel (Laurus nobilis)

Lesson 2b: Aromatherapy for the Digestive System

Watch About Aromatherapy and the Digestive System with Jade Shutes

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Note: Click on image to enlarge.

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Digestive System

Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Analgesic: a substance that relieves or reduces pain	Eucalyptus globulus, Ginger, Lemongrass, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor and cineole
Anti-emetic: a substance the relieves nausea	Ginger, Peppermint
Antispasmodic: a substance that relieves smooth/skeletal muscle spasms	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Lavender, Peppermint
Carminative: a substance that relieves flatulence or excess gas in stomach	Fennel, Ginger, Peppermint, Tulsi
Detoxifier: a substance that enhances the removal of toxic substances from the body	Fennel, Grapefruit, Lemon
Digestive: a substance that aids digestion, serves as a tonic to digestive system	Fennel, Ginger, Grapefruit, Lemon, Peppermint
Nervine: a substance that relaxes the nervous system and can reduce nervous disorders	Bergamot, Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Frankincense, Lavender, Mandarin, Vetiver, Ylang ylang

Common Ailments of the Digestive System

► Constipation

Constipation is the slow, difficult or infrequent movement of feces through the bowel. The causes of constipation are numerous and range from lifestyle factors such as poor diet, stress and postural imbalances to physiological factors such as medication side-effects, gastrointestinal conditions and poor muscle control.⁴

Additional reading: Constipation according to Ayurveda

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce stress
Support and enhance elimination

Essential Oils:
Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Grapefruit, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet orange, Peppermint

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage 5% dilution
Abdominal compress
Reflexology
Full body or foot baths with Fennel or Ginger e/o

Sample Aromatic Program

Enkindle the digestive fire: massage oil

1 ounce sesame oil
14 drops Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
10 drops Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
7 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Combine and apply on the reflex zones for digestion on the feet and abdominal massage along the colon.

► Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a common condition of the digestive system often attributed to prolonged anxiety or stress related states. It can also be brought on by food intolerances (e.g. wheat, coffee, fruits, and dairy products) and/or sugar lactose intolerance. The individual may experience extended periods of constipation and/or diarrhea (also known as spastic colon type of IBS or painless diarrhea) often accompanied by abdominal pain. Other symptoms include: bloating, flatulence, headaches.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce stress
Reduce spasms and gas pains
Stimulate peristalsis movement, if needed
Aid elimination
Address emotional issues which are either causing or a cause of

Essential Oils:
Bergamot, Cardamom, Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Grapefruit, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet Orange, Peppermint and any of the nervine essential oils.

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage 5% dilution
Abdominal compress

Sample Aromatic Program

IBS Stress Relief / antispasmodic Blend

1 ounce sesame or jojoba or other vegetable oil
10 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
7 drops Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
10 drops Mandarin (Citrus reticulata)

► Nausea or Upset stomach

Generally not a disease or condition in itself, but a common symptom of something else such as motion sickness, influenza, pregnancy or poor digestion. Nausea is the sensation of having an urge to vomit. Vomiting is forcing the contents of the stomach up through the esophagus and out of the mouth.

Additional reading:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm

Therapeutic goals:

Relieve nausea
Address emotional issues which are either causing or a cause of

Essential oils: Fennel, Ginger, Peppermint

Aromatherapy applications:

Inhalation
Abdominal Massage, 5% dilution
Abdominal compress

Sample Aromatic Program

Inhaler for Nausea

With a blank inhaler tube, dip the cotton in 15-20 drops of either peppermint or ginger. Inhale as needed to reduce/relieve nausea.

► Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are painful, swollen veins in the lower portion of the rectum or anus. Hemorrhoids are very common, especially during pregnancy and after childbirth. They result from increased pressure in the veins of the anus. The pressure causes the veins to swell, making them painful, particularly when you are sitting. Perhaps the most common cause is straining during bowel movements. Other causes include: constipation, sitting for long periods of time, rectal infections, and certain diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver.

Hemorrhoids can be internal or external. Internal hemorrhoids occur just inside the anus and as the beginning of the rectum. Externally hemorrhoids appear on the anal opening and may hang outside the anus.

Symptoms of hemorrhoids include: rectal itching, pain during bowel movements, bright red blood on toilet tissue or in stool, one or more hard tender lumps near the anus, and rectal pain or ache while sitting.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce inflammation
Prevent varicose veins from getting worse
Support healing of tissue
Reduce pain

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Clary sage, Cypress, Frankincense, Geranium, Helichrysum, Lavender, Patchouli, Tea tree

Aromatherapy Applications:

Sitz baths
Warm full body baths
Gel

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Cool Sitz bath

3 drops Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile)
1 drops Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)
1 drops Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
3 drops Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens)

Sit in bath (with enough water to cover bottom) for 5-10 minutes, 3 times a day. Can also make a spritzer or gel with the same essential oils to apply to rectal area.

► Excess gas, bloating

Gas is a normal byproduct of the foods we eat. As the digestive system breaks food down, it produces gas, which is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and methane. Usually, we eliminate gas through the mouth (burping) or through the anus (flatulence). We typically pass gas around 20 times a day. Gas is an ordinary occurrence, but its presence can be painful and socially embarrassing.

Therapeutic goals:

Stimulate digestive system
Relieve gas

Essential oils: Cardamom, Fennel, Ginger, Peppermint

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage oil 10-20%
Abdominal undiluted application

Sample Aromatic Treatment

Abdominal undiluted application: Place 7 drops into the palm and rub along large intestinal tract on abdomen. Can also place drops along large intestine and small intestine reflex points on the feet.

Lesson 1b: Aromatherapy for the Respiratory System

“Breathing is one of the most important ways for the body to eliminate waste products. Only 3 percent of the body’s total waste products are eliminated through the feces, 7 per cent through the urine and 20 percent through the skin. The remaining 70 percent of the body’s waste products are eliminated through exhalation.”¹

Watch About Aromatherapy and the Respiratory System with Jade Shutes

ACTIONS OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Essential Oil Therapeutics for the Respiratory System
Therapeutic Action	Essential Oils
Anti-inflammatory: a substance that soothes and reduces inflammations	Roman chamomile, Frankincense, Helichrysum, Lavender, Patchouli
Antimicrobial: a substance that destroys or resists pathogenic microorganisms	Cypress, Roman chamomile, Eucalyptus, Laurel, Lemon, Lemongrass, Pine, Tea tree
Antispasmodic: a substance that relieves smooth/skeletal muscle spasms	Roman chamomile, Clary sage, Fennel, Ginger, Lavender, Peppermint
Antitussive: a substance that helps to relieve coughs	Cypress, Eucalyptus, Frankincense, Peppermint
Balsamic: a substance that soothes the lungs	Frankincense, Sandalwood
Decongestant: a substance that reduces or relieves nasal congestion	Eucalyptus globulus, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. cineole or camphor **For children under the age of 4: consider Rosalina
Expectorant: a substance that aids the removal of phlegm or mucus	Eucalyptus species, Laurel, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. cineole or camphor, Tea tree **For children under the age of 4: consider Rosalina
Febrifuge: a substance that reduces or prevents fever; cools body temperature	Cypress, Eucalyptus, Roman chamomile Great to use hydrosols in a compress to bring down fever. Use German chamomile hydrosol.
Immune Enhancer: a substance that enhances/supports immunity	Frankincense, Laurel, Lemon, Lemongrass, Pine, Tea tree
Mucolytic: a substance that dissolves mucus or breaks down mucus; used to treat chest conditions involving excessive or thickened mucus secretions	Eucalyptus, Helichrysum, Laurel, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole or verbenone
For grief, sadness	Frankincense, Rose geranium, Helichrysum, Lemon, Lemongrass, Mandarin, Sweet orange, Ylang ylang

Common Ailments of the Respiratory System

► Bronchitis

Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs. Bronchitis may be short-lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that it lasts a long time and often recurs. Acute bronchitis generally follows a viral respiratory infection. At first, it affects the nose, sinuses, and throat and then spreads to the lungs. Sometimes, an individual may get another (secondary) bacterial infection in the airways.This means that bacteria infect the airways, in addition to the virus.

Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition. People have a cough that produces excessive mucus. To be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, an individual must have a cough with mucus most days of the month for at least 3 months. Chronic bronchitis is one type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD for short. Emphysema is another type of COPD.

The following can make bronchitis worse: air pollution, allergies, certain occupations (such as coal mining, textile manufacturing, or grain handling), and infections. Individuals such as the elderly, infants, young children and people with heart or lung disease as well as smokers are at a higher risk for developing bronchitis.

Symptoms: The symptoms of either type of bronchitis may include: Chest discomfort, cough that produces mucus; if it’s yellow-green, the individual is more likely to have a bacterial infection, fatigue, fever — usually low, shortness of breath worsened by exertion or mild activity and wheezing.

Even after acute bronchitis has cleared, an individual may have a dry, nagging cough that lingers for several weeks.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce bronchial inflammation
Enhance immune system
Aid elimination of excess mucous (expectorate)
Support health of respiratory system
Encourage relaxation

Essential Oils:
Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Frankincense, Ginger, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tea Tree

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage oil 10-20% dilution (for chest and back)
Salve
Hydrotherapy: Hot sea salt baths with 4-6 cups of sea salt. No essential oils.
Steam inhalation
Diffusion
Inhaler (either inhaler tube or salt in bottle with essential oils)
Direct palm inhalation

Sample Aromatic Program

Steam Inhalation for Bronchitis

Bring 4 cups of water to a boil
Remove from hot stove and place on towel
Add: 4 drops Eucalyptus globulus, 3 drops Citrus limon, and 4 drops Melaleuca alternifolia.
Place towel over head and lean into the steam (not too close and be sure to keep the eyes closed!)
Breathe in vapors through the nose, exhale through the mouth.

• Follow up by putting on Respiratory salve covered under Colds.

• Also, taking hot sea salt baths can be very effective at alleviating muscle aches and pains associated with coughing or general congestion. Recommend 4-6 cups sea salt in hot bath. After bathing for 10-15 minutes, dry off and rest in bed for 2 hours. Be sure to drink lots of water or herbal teas afterwards (to stay hydrated).

► Common Cold

The common cold is an upper respiratory infection caused by any one of hundreds of possible viruses. Colds are seldom dangerous unless they complicate into other more serious conditions.³ We’re all aware of the usual symptoms, stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat, maybe a headache.

Therapeutic Goals:

Enhance immune system
Aid elimination of excess mucus
Support health of respiratory system
Encourage rest and relaxation
Relieve muscular aches and pains

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Frankincense, Ginger, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tea Tree

Aromatherapy Applications:

Massage 5-10% dilution
Epsom or sea salt bath
Salve
Reflexology
Hydrotherapy
Steam inhalation

Respiratory Salve

This is my all time favorite winter time remedy to have on hand. It is useful to apply to chest, neck, and back as well as to the bottom of the feet.

To make salve, please see here: https://aromaticstudies.com/make-aromatic-salve-art-of-formulation/

Watch: How to make our Famous Respiratory Salve!

► Sinusitis

Sinusitis refers to inflammation of the sinuses that occurs with a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. The sinuses are air-filled spaces in the skull (behind the forehead, nasal bones, cheeks, and eyes) that are lined with mucus membranes. Healthy sinuses contain no bacteria or other germs. Usually, mucus is able to drain out and air is able to circulate.

When the sinus openings become blocked or too much mucus builds up, bacteria and other germs can grow more easily.

Sinusitis can be:

Acute — symptoms last up to 4 weeks
Sub-acute — symptoms last 4 – 12 weeks
Chronic — symptoms last 3 months or longer

Acute sinusitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection in the sinuses that results from an upper respiratory tract infection. Chronic sinusitis refers to long-term swelling and inflammation of the sinuses that may be caused by bacteria or a fungus.

Symptoms:
The classic symptoms of acute sinusitis in adults usually follow a cold that does not improve, or one that worsens after 5 – 7 days of symptoms. Symptoms include: Bad breath or loss of smell, Cough, often worse at night, Fatigue and generally not feeling well, Fever, Headache — pressure-like pain, pain behind the eyes, toothache, or facial tenderness, Nasal congestion and discharge, and Sore throat and postnasal drip.

Symptoms of chronic sinusitis are the same as those of acute sinusitis, but tend to be milder and last longer than 12 weeks.

Therapeutic Goals:

Enhance immune system
Aid elimination of excess mucus
Support health of respiratory system
Encourage rest and relaxation
Relieve muscular aches and pains

Essential Oils:
Roman Chamomile, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Frankincense, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tea Tree (**For children under the age of 4: consider Rosalina essential oil).

Aromatherapy Applications:

Neti pot (without essential oils)
Nasya
Salve
Steam inhalation

Sinusitis nasya: Excess mucus present.sinusitis.dry passages
1 drop Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)
1 drop Ginger eo (Zingiber officinale)
4 drops Eucalyptus globulus
2 tbsp. Sesame oil

To learn how to perform nasya visit:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZXyde7Dh0Y

► Influenza/Flu

Seasonal influenza, commonly called “the flu,” is caused by influenza viruses, which infect the respiratory tract (i.e., the nose, throat, lungs). Unlike many other viral respiratory infections, such as the common cold, the flu can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications in many people.

The flu usually comes on suddenly. People who have the flu often feel some or all of these symptoms:

Fever* or feeling feverish/chills (not all individuals have fever)
Cough
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Muscle or body aches
Headaches
Fatigue (tiredness)
Vomiting and diarrhea (more common in children)

Flu Complications
Most people who get influenza will recover in a few days to less than two weeks, but some people will develop complications (such as pneumonia) as a result of the flu, some of which can be life-threatening and result in death.

Pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections are three examples of complications from flu. The flu can make chronic health problems worse. For example, people with asthma may experience asthma attacks while they have the flu, and people with chronic congestive heart failure may have worsening of this condition that is triggered by the flu.

Therapeutic Goals:

Reduce bronchial inflammation
Enhance and support the immune system
Aid elimination of excess mucous
Ease muscular aches and pains
Support health of respiratory system
Encourage relaxation

Essential Oils:
Clary sage, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Frankincense, Ginger, Lemon, Peppermint, Rosemary ct. camphor or cineole, Tea Tree

Aromatherapy applications:

Massage oil 5-20% dilution
Salve
Hydrotherapy
Steam inhalation

Sample Aromatic Program

Diffuse Respiratory/Immune synergy
10 drops Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)
10 drops Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus or E. radiata)
10 drops Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

*Place 4-5 drops in water based diffusor or attach bottle of synergy to nebulizer. Diffuse on and off throughout the day.

*Take a salt bath such as that recommended under Bronchitis.

*For all respiratory disorders, following a simple diet, staying hydrated, eating soups, resting, taking warm/hot baths, and in general, taking care of oneself is crucial in the healing process.

Foundations Student Questionnaire

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Monthly Mentorship Sessions

Mentorship Sessions

Our mentorship program has arrived!

We will typically be meeting every FIRST Wednesday of the month for one hour, there are some exceptions. See dates and times below.

To Join Zoom Meeting, click here!

These zoom sessions will be a time for you to ask questions related to course studies as well as to receive support for your case studies.

2025 Dates

February 5th 10am EST Recording Link!
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March 5th 6pm NO RECORDING AVAILABLE

April 9th 10am EDT Recording Link!
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May 7th 6pm EDT Recording Link!
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June 4th, No session this month due to travel.
July/August – Vacation

September 3rd, 6pm EDT Recording Link!
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October 8th, 10am EDT
November 5th, 6pm EST
December 3rd, 10am EST

2024 Dates

January No mentorship this month.

February 7th 10am EST Recording link!
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March 6th 6pm EST Recording link!
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April 3rd Recording Link
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December 10th Recording Link
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2023

January 4th Recording link!
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March 8th Recording link!
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April 5th Recording link!
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June 7th: Recording link
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August 2nd: Summer Holidays

September 6th: 10am EST
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October 11th: 10am EST
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November 8th: 10am EST
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December 6th: 6pm EST
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2022 Recordings

September 7th: Meeting Recording
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October 5th: Meeting Recording
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November 2nd: Meeting Recording
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December 7th: Meeting Recording
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MODULE FIVE PDF

Print: Module Five PDF

Dilution Charts

Essential Oil Dilution Chart

Essential Oil Dilution Chart
Carrier oil in ounces	.5% dilution	1%	2.5%	3%	5%	10%
½ ounce	1-3 drops	3-5 drops	8-11 drops	9-13 drops	15-23 drops	30-46 drops
1 ounce	3-5 drops	6-9 drops	15-23 drops	18-27 drops	30-45 drops	60-90 drops
2 ounces	6-10 drops	12-18 drops	30-46 drops	36-54 drops	60-90 drops	120-180 drops
4 ounces	12-20 drops	24-36 drops	60-92 drops	72-108 drops	120-180 drops	240-360 drops
**This chart includes the traditional dosage plus changes in drops by Tisserand and Young (2013) which tended to be higher than the traditional dosage as taught by most of us in the world of aromatherapy.

The dilution you use should be based on the same factors you consider in your selection of essential oils: the client’s constitution and age, the condition being addressed (acute or chronic), energetics, assessments (e.g., tongue or pulse), the time frame for treatment, and the client’s goals.

Essential Oil Dilution Rates and Indications

Dilution Rate and Indications
Dilution in %	Purpose and Indications
0	Essential oils should not be used for infants under 6 months of age unless absolutely necessary.
0.25% - 0.5%	Infants 6 months or older, frail or elderly individuals, immune compromised individuals
< 3%	Sensitive and fragile mucus membranes, e.g. nasal or auricular applications. Repairing action on the external layers of the skin
1%	Children 2-5 years old, pregnancy; facial creams
1.5%	Subtle aromatherapy, emotional and energetic work, pregnancy, frail or elderly individuals, facial creams and lotions, exfoliants
Between 2 - 5%	Action on the nervous system, emotional well-being, and response to daily stress. Action on the endocrine system. Holistic aromatherapy, general massage work, general skincare, massage oils, lotions, facial oils, body oils, and body butters.
7%	Action on venous and lymphatic circulation. General strength for most blends. This is a stronger dilution that can be used for treatment massage and localized treatment work, wound healing, body oils and butters, and salves.
10%	Action on the joints, tendons, muscles and inflammation. This is a stronger dilution for muscular aches and pains, trauma injury, treatment massage, acute physical pain, localized treatment work, and salves. skin infection/dermatophytes
20%	Similar indications to 10% or 30%. This is the highest dilution rate recommended for dermacaustic essential oils (essential oils that are rich in phenols and aldehydes)
30%	Powerful local action. Warts, acute trauma to the musculoskeletal system, skin infection/dermatophytes
30 - 50%	For acute treatments with non-aggressive essential oils
Undiluted	For localized frictions. Antispasmodic (e.g. muscles, coughs), expectorant, antimicrobial, warming and acute trauma with non-aggressive essential oils

Lesson 3b: Carrier Oil Chart

Common Carrier Oils

The following carrier oils are some of the most commonly used in the practice of aromatherapy and they offer a wide range of therapeutic benefits.

Core Carrier Oils

Core carrier oils are the oils that will make up 50-100% of oil-based formulations. They have a stable shelf life of at least 12 to 24 months depending on storage.

Carrier Oil	Nutrient Profile	Therapeutic Properties
Sweet Almond oil Prunus amygdalis Absorption rate: Wet, absorbs slowly Dilution: Can be used 100% or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: 12-24 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (60-86%) with linoleic acid (15-30%)	• A good emollient, it protects and nourishes the skin. • Helps relieve itching, soreness, dryness and inflammation of the skin e.g. eczema. • Good for all skin types, particularly dry skin.
Apricot Kernel oil Prunus armeniaca Absorption rate: Wet, absorbs more slowly Dilution: Can be used 100% or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: 12-24 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (upwards of 72%), with linoleic acid (20-25%)	• All skin types: mature, dry, sensitive, or inflamed skin. protects the skin from free radicals, reduces inflammation, supports wound healing, and promotes skin barrier homeostasis. • A great combination for massage applications is 50% apricot kernel and 50% sunflower oil. • useful for relieving inflammation, itchiness, and dry skin
Argan oil Argania spinosa Absorption rate: Wet, absorbs slowly Dilution: Can be used 25-100% Shelf Life: Up to 24 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (41-55%), and linoleic acid (28-38%)	• Beneficial for mature, aging, or damaged skin. • Improves skin elasticity and skin hydration in post-menopausal women. • Daily dermal application of argan oil may reduce water loss (transepidermal water loss) and restore damaged skin barrier. • Prevent wrinkles • Based upon its cultural and historical uses, argan is indicated for problematic skin and acne. • Argan oil combined with rosehip seed oil can support healthy scar formation and may prevent stretch marks or improve their appearance.
Baobab oil Adansonia digitata Absorption: Wet, slow to absorb Dilution: Can be used 100% or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: Up to2-4 years when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated/ Saturated oil Rich in oleic acid (30-44%) and linoleic acid (27-37%) with palmitic acid (18-30%)	• Improves the skins elasticity, • Relieves inflamed skin condition such as dry eczema and psoriasis, • Cell regenerative • Softens and soothes the skin • May alleviate pain from burns • May improve appearance of stretch marks and scars • Can improve texture and shine to hair
Coconut oil Cocos nucifera Absorption rate: Wet – slow to absorb Dilution: Can be used at 100 percent or in a blend of other carrier oils. Shelf Life: Up to 24 months when stored correctly.	Saturated oil Rich in Lauric acid (45-53%) and myristic acid (16-21%)	• Excellent emollient and also slightly occludes the skin, thereby preventing transepidermal water loss. • It is used extensively in body butters, whipped butters, lip and body balms, and creams. • Coconut oil is considered cooling in Ayurvedic medicine and is indicated for Pitta skin conditions • Beneficial carrier oil for dry skin and dry, damaged hair.
Jojoba oil Simmondsia chinensis Absorption: Dry, readily absorbs into skin Dilution: Can be used 100 percent or in a blend of other oils Shelf Life: Up to 4-5 years when stored correctly.	(97%) of wax esters of monounsaturated, straight-chain fatty acids and alcohols with high-molecular weights	• Used for acne to dissolve clogged pores. • Has natural anti-inflammatory properties making it helpful for eczema, psoriasis, and inflamed skin. • Supports wound healing. • Great oil for the hair, relieving dry scalp and dandruff. (I like to use it with sesame oil 50/50). • Great for the nails and cuticles. • Recommended for regenerative skin care and for preventative aging care. • Improves and reduces stretch marks. • Indicated for oily, combination, or acne skin types although all skin types will benefit.
Sesame seed oil Sesamum indicum Absorption rate: Medium Dosage: Can be used 100% percent or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: Up to 24 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (35-42%), and linoleic acid (41-48%)	• Skin restructuring and emollient properties • Reinforces the integrity of the skin. • Free radical scavenging • Used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine and is indicated specifically to pacify vata due to its warming properties. • Good in dry and/or cold climates because it is heavy and penetrates the skin, going deep into the tissue. • Very nourishing, and prevents the skin from getting excessively dry. • Sesame oil massaged into the scalp once a week is an excellent way to nourish the scalp and restore the natural balance and luster of hair.
Sunflower oil Helianthus annuus Absorption rate: Oleic acid rich: slow to absorb; Linoleic acid rich: absorbs readily Dilution: Can be used 100% percent or in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: Most sunflower oil on the market is rich in oleic acid making it a stable oil, for upwards of 12 to 24 months. If purchasing non-high oleic acid sunflower oil, the shelf life is 6-12 months due to high linoleic acid content.	#1: Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (67-83%) with oleic acid (8-21%) #2: Monounsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (70-84%)	• Wonderful for all skin types, emollient and soothing to the skin. • Oleic rich sunflower oil is great for herbal oil infusions. • Linoleic-acid rich sunflower oil is recommended for inflamed, irritated skin as well as for atopic dermatitis and eczema due to its anti-inflammatory and skin soothing properties. • Regenerative skin care.

Enhancer Carrier Oils

Enhancer carrier oils are oils that are used at a lower percentage (1% to 25%) than the core carrier oils. With the exception of avocado oil and tamanu oil, enhancer carrier oils are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Due to the relatively short shelf life of the polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich carrier oils, it is valuable to add an antioxidant into formulations that contain them. You can also add an antioxidant to individual polyunsaturated fatty acid rich carrier oils to stabilize and lengthen its shelf life.

What is an antioxidant?

An antioxidant basically extends the shelf life of polyunsaturated fatty acid rich carrier oils by providing stability and preventing oxidation. Oxidation is a naturally occurring chemical process that happens when oxygen exposure causes other materials to degrade. When carrier oils oxidize, they often smell sour or off, and we say the carrier oil has gone “rancid.” Antioxidants can help lengthen the shelf life of the polyunsaturated fatty acid rich carrier oils.

It is important to understand that antioxidants do not inhibit the growth of microorganisms. This is the role of preservatives. With oil-based formulations, there is no need to add preservatives. Preservatives are in the realm of water-based formulations such as creams and gels.

Choice of Antioxidants

Mixed Tocopherols: The most commonly available mixed tocopherol product on the market is called MT-50 Vitamin E. This product is made up of 50% vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol, d-beta tocopherol, d-gamma tocopherol, d-delta tocopherol.) and 50% (GMO Free) refined soybean oil. MT-50 Vitamin E is a golden yellow to reddish, viscous oil having a slight characteristic vegetable oil aroma. It is approved by ECOCERT GREENLIFE, conform to the COSMOS standard.

To prolong the shelf life of an individual polyunsaturated fatty acid rich carrier oil, add 0.04 – 0.5%.
For oil-based formulations, it can be added at 0.5 – 1.5% to improve shelf life.

Rosemary CO2 Extract is an oil-soluble CO2 extract from rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) leaves standardized down into 60-65% sunflower oil (organic or non-organic depending on supplier). It is considered to be a stronger antioxidant than mixed tocopherols. Rosemary CO2 extract has a very slight aroma and a dark green color but due to the low dilution in formulations, it is unlikely to alter aroma or color of the product. Rosemary CO2 extract has a shelf-life of up to five years.

Use Rosemary CO2 extract at 0.2 – 0.4% of the total oil-based formulation.

Chart of Enhancer Carrier Oils

Carrier Oil	Nutrient Profile	Therapeutic Properties
Avocado oil (unrefined) Persea americana Absorption rate: Dry, readily absorbs into skin Dilution: Can be used 5-25% in a blend of other carrier oils. Shelf Life: For unrefined avocado oil: Once opened, 6-9 months dependent upon the storage conditions. Can add mixed tocopherols or vitamin E to elongate shelf life. For refined avocado oil: up to 12 months when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated oil Rich in oleic acid (47-67%), with palmitic acid (12-28%) and linoleic acid (10-19%)	• Antibacterial, anti-wrinkle, and healing properties • Revitalizing, emollient, and cell-regenerating, it is indicated for all skin types, especially post-menopausal, dry, dehydrated, fragile, or mature skin, or skin experiencing premature aging. • Avocado oil is also helpful for dry eczema or psoriasis.
Borage oil Borago officinalis Absorption rate: Dry, absorbs quickly into the skin Dilution: Can be used 10-20% percent in a blend of other oils. Shelf Life: Up to 6-9 months when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (34-38%) and gamma-linolenic acid (21-25%) with oleic acid (14-18%)	• Recommended for premature aging, dry and devitalized skin, psoriasis, sensitive skin, and eczema. • Due to its rich gamma-linoleic acid content and other essential fatty acids, borage seed oil is a beneficial anti-inflammatory carrier oil. • Borage seed oil reduces transepidermal water loss • May be beneficial in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Evening Primrose oil Oenothera biennis Absorption rate: Dry, absorbs quickly into the skin Dilution: Can be used 5-15% in a blend of other carrier oils. Shelf life: Once opened, 6-12 months, when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (65-80%) and gamma-linolenic acid (9-27%)	• Strengthens the epidermal barrier, normalizes the excessive loss of water through the epidermis, regenerates skin, and improves smoothness after both topical and oral applications. • Good for premature aging, dry and devitalized skin, psoriasis, eczema, and regenerative skincare. • Indicated for atopic dermatitis due to its anti-inflammatory activity • It is also useful where there is a loss of elasticity.
Pomegranate seed oil Punica granatum Absorption rate: Dry, readily absorbs into the skin Dilution: Use at a 10-15% percent with other carrier oils or co2 extracts from the carrier oil palette. Can use in higher dilutions as needed. Shelf Life: Up to 12-24 months when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in punicic aid (57-79%)	• Excellent anti-inflammatory carrier oil • Indicated for dermal inflammations such as acne, sunburn, psoriasis, and rosacea. • Supports health via its ability to support cellular regeneration (specifically in the epidermis), combat free radicals (antioxidant activity). • Improves skin elasticity, revitalizes premature aging or sun damaged skin • Beneficial emollient for dry, irritated skin.
Raspberry Seed CO2 Total Extract Rubus idaeus Absorption rate: Dry, readily absorbs into the skin Dilution: Use at a 1-5% percent with other carrier oils or co2 extracts from the carrier oil palette. Can use in higher dilutions as needed or desired. Shelf Life: Up to 6-12 months when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (37-55%) and alpha-linolenic acid (25-31%) with oleic acid (11-22%)	• Positively benefit the skin by improving hydration, reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and softening the skin. • Inflamed skin conditions • Tissue regeneration (scars, skin burns, etc.) • Premature aging • Dry skin • Photoprotective : protective role against damaging effects of UV radiation (sun exposure) • Preventative aging (antioxidant) • Acne, oily skin
Rosehip seed oil Rosa rubiginosa Absorption rate: Dry, readily absorbs into the skin Dilution: Use at a 10-25% percent with other carrier oils or co2 extracts from the carrier oil palette. Can use in higher dilutions as needed or desired. Shelf Life: Up to 6-12 months when stored correctly.	Polyunsaturated oil Rich in linoleic acid (37-55%) and alpha-linolenic acid (25-31%) with oleic acid (11-22%) Rosehip seed oil is rich in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids which contribute to the oils anti-inflammatory and cellular regeneration activity as well as its ability to prevent transepidermal water loss.	• Inflamed skin conditions • Hyperpigmentation of scars • Tissue regeneration (scars, skin burns, etc.) • Premature aging/ Preventative aging (antioxidant) • Treatment of skin disorders: eczema, trophic ulcers of the skin, cheilitis (inflammation of the lips, dry chapped lips) • Best tissue regenerators for scars, skin burns, and for premature aging. • Exceptional effect in reducing the hyperpigmentation of scars and reducing their appearance. • Indicated for reducing photoaging.
Tamanu oil Calophyllum inophyllum Absorption rate: Dry – readily absorbs into skin. Leaves a slightly tacky feeling on the skin when applied at 100%. Dilution: Dilutions of 10-25% combined with other carriers is recommended. Can be used at 100%, particularly when working with shingles. Shelf Life: Up to 2-4 years when stored correctly.	Monounsaturated/ Polyunsaturated/ Saturated oil Rich in oleic acid (30-44%) and linoleic acid (27-37%) with palmitic acid (18-30%)	• Wound healing, relieves pain and supports the health of the skin • Antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties • Tamanu promotes the formation of new tissue and accelerates healing and growth of healthy skin. • Tamanu also serves as a highly effective anti-inflammatory oil. A component of tamanu oil, calophyllolide, may contribute to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity. • Dermal application of tamanu oil can improve the appearance of scar tissue. • Tamanu oil exhibits antioxidant and anti-UV properties at a 1% dilution. • It is indicated for cuts, scrapes, burns, insect bites or stings, abrasions, acne, acne scars, psoriasis, diabetic sores, anal fissures, sunburn, dry or scaly skin, blisters, eczema, herpes sores, and to reduce foot or body odor. • Tamanu oil may also be indicated for sciatica, neuralgia, and rheumatism. Tamanu exhibits antimicrobial activity, which is effective in treating Tinea infections (ringworm). • The antioxidant activity of tamanu oil helps to protect the skin from free radicals.